1、 g49g50g3g38g50g51g60g44g49g42g3g58g44g55g43g50g56g55g3g37g54g44g3g51g40g53g48g44g54g54g44g50g49g3g40g59g38g40g51g55g3g36g54g3g51g40g53g48g44g55g55g40g39g3g37g60g3g38g50g51g60g53g44g42g43g55g3g47g36g58for field testsICS 49.140Space systems Gas contamination Measurement methods BRITISH STANDARDBS ISO
2、 15860:2006BS ISO 15860:2006This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 August 2006 BSI 2006ISBN 0 580 48660 5Cross-referencesThe British Standards which implement international publications referred to in this document may be found in
3、 the BSI Catalogue under the section entitled “International Standards Correspondence Index”, or by using the “Search” facility of the BSI Electronic Catalogue or of British Standards Online.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsibl
4、e for its correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations.Summary of pagesThis document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the ISO title page, pages ii to v, a blank page, pages 1 to 14, an inside back cover and a back co
5、ver.The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the document was last issued.Amendments issued since publicationAmd. No. Date CommentsA list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. present to the responsible international/Eur
6、opean committee any enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep UK interests informed; monitor related international and European developments and promulgate them in the UK.National forewordThis British Standard reproduces verbatim ISO 15860:2006 and implements it as the UK na
7、tional standard. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee ACE/68, Space systems and operations, which has the responsibility to: aid enquirers to understand the text;INTERNATIONALSTANDARDISO15860First edition2006-08-01Reference numberISO 15860:2006(E)Space systems
8、 Gas contamination Measurement methods for field testsSystmes spatiaux Contamination des gaz Mthodes de mesure pour essais hors laboratoireBS ISO 15860:2006iiiiiContents Page1 Scope 12 Normative references 13 Terms, definitions and abbreviations 14 Requirements . 24.1 General requirements . 24.2 Saf
9、ety requirements 24.3 Measurement methods . 34.4 Sampling for analysis . 8Annex A (informative) Recommended instruments and equipment 9Annex B (informative) Equilibrium moisture content diagram . 10Annex C (informative) Determination of the mass concentration of water vapours by a dew point method a
10、t different pressures of nitrogen (or oxygen) 12Annex D (informative) Nomograph for determining the concentration of oil in gases 13BS ISO 15860:2006ivForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies(ISO member bodies). The work
11、of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISOtechnical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has beenestablished has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental andnon-governmental,
12、 in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the InternationalElectrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.The main task
13、 of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standardsadopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as anInternational Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.Attention is
14、 drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patentrights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.ISO 15860 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 20, Aircraft and space vehicles, SubcommitteeSC 14, Space syst
15、ems and operations.BS ISO 15860:2006vIntroductionThis International Standard establishes the impurities contamination measurement methods for realcompressed gas (air, nitrogen, helium, and argon) used in systems and facilities of space launch and technicalcomplexes.This International Standard provid
16、es recommendations for correct selection and use of compressed gascontamination measurement methods and means.Compressed gas impurities have a mechanical, physical, chemical, and electrolytic effect on pneumatic devicesthat reduces their life and reliability. Oil impurities in contact with oxidizer
17、increase equipment explosion and firehazards and have a negative biological effect when inhaled. Compressed gas impurity contamination is one ofthe normalized parameters subjected to careful monitoring to ensure reliable operation of space systemequipment as specified.This International Standard can
18、 be used for modernization and maintenance of launch site equipment andtechnical complexes when other methods are difficult to apply. The equipment mentioned in this InternationalStandard is portable, compact and inexpensive.BS ISO 15860:2006blank1Space systems Gas contamination Measurement methods
19、for field tests1ScopeThis International Standard covers gases (air, nitrogen, helium, and argon) compressed up to used insystems and units of space vehicle launch and technical complexes.This International Standard determines compressed gas impurities (mechanical impurities, water vapour, oil,and fo
20、reign gases) content measurement methods. This International Standard can be used by countries andfirms participating in the development, redesign, modernization, and maintenance of space vehicle launch sitesand technical complexes.2 Normative referencesThe following referenced documents are indispe
21、nsable for the application of this document. For datedreferences, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document(including any amendments) applies.ISO 15859-3:2004, Space systems Fluid characteristics, sampling and test methods Part 3: NitrogenI
22、SO 15859-4:2004, Space systems Fluid characteristics, sampling and test methods Part 4: HeliumISO 15859-9:2004, Space systems Fluid characteristics, sampling and test methods Part 9: ArgonISO 15859-13:2004, Space systems Fluid characteristics, sampling and test methods Part 13: Breathingair3 Terms,
23、definitions and abbreviations3.1 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.3.1.1 mechanical impuritysolid dispersal phase with a wide spectrum of aerosol particle size3.1.2 oil impurityoil contained in gas in the form of vapours and aerosols3.1
24、.3 particle concentrationnumber of separate aerosol particles of specified size in a unit of gas volume3.1.4 particle sizeparticle maximum linear size measured by an optical microscope or particle equivalent size received with thehelp of automatic instruments40 MPaBS ISO 15860:200623.1.5 safety requ
25、irementdetermined requirement whose execution guarantees work safety3.2 Abbreviated termsGMC gas moisture content4 Requirements4.1 General requirementsDepending on the allowable gas impurity contamination value, gases (air, nitrogen, helium, and argon) aresubdivided into classes of industrial purity
26、 in accordance with ISO 15859-3, ISO 15859-4, ISO 15859-9, andISO 15859-13. The gas purity class is specified in the design documentation in accordance with the appropriateInternational Standard.The gas purity test shall be conducted from a pumping manifold before the storage means are filled, follo
27、wing the storage filling (after a relaxation time for homogenization), every for a continuous filling.A gas sample shall be taken from every set of filled cylinders and from the pipelines feeding the gas aboard thespace system prior to every operation but not earlier than before erecting a vehicle o
28、n a launch pad.During gas distribution from a compressor station directly to a user or into a receiver, the gas purity test shall becarried out at the beginning of the continuous work of the compressor station, at the end of the pressurization phase (after a relaxation time for homogenization), ever
29、y (for a continuous process).A list of controlled parameters of each gas purity test and acceptable impurity load acceptable levels shall becited in the operation documentation. The recommended instruments and equipment are listed in Annex A.Gas purity test results shall be recorded in a special reg
30、ister or document on a record tape or a computerdiskette. At the users request, the gas purity control service shall provide certificates testifying to gas purity.4.2 Safety requirementsOnly trained, skilled, and instructed persons may carry out work concerning the compressed gas impuritycontaminati
31、on measurements.The rooms equipped with a stationary nitrogen and helium sampler shall be fitted with a gas analyser thatsignals automatically in two ways (acoustic signal and flash light) when the oxygen content in the room is lessthan a volume fraction of . Personnel are prohibited in areas where
32、the oxygen content is less than avolume fraction of without using safety breathing devices. Unless otherwise provided by applicablesafety rules, each group of workers going in a room in which a significant diminution of the oxygen level ispossible shall use one portable oxygen detector.Safety regula
33、tions shall be met before operating the equipment under positive pressure during gas sampling.Therefore, the following shall be performed:a) before beginning the work, make sure that all the elements of gas-sampling circuits are in an operationalstarting position;b) monitor gas pressure before worki
34、ng with compressed gases;24 h24 h24 h19 %20,9 %BS ISO 15860:20063c) do not tighten seals and joints of pipes under positive pressure;d) do not connect inoperative pipes and reducers to pipe connections;e) do not shut and open valves with the help of levers;f) do not keep the equipment under positive
35、 pressure without control;g) after finishing work, leave the gas-sampling circuit elements in the initial state.While working with the instrument, the following shall be performed:a) use only a grounded instrument;b) do not replace a safety device with another one calculated on the higher strength o
36、f the current;c) do not open the switched-on instrument;d) do not supply the gas sample for analysing before the instrument is energized;e) do not supply the gas sample for analysing when a gas inlet coupling cover is not removed;f) do not disconnect the instrument from a gas line under positive pre
37、ssure;g) verify that the inspection date is current.4.3 Measurement methods4.3.1 Mechanical impurities content measurement by dispersion compositionAerosol meters based on measuring the intensity of the light dispersed by particles in a continuous flow areused for determining the dispersive composit
38、ion and concentration of solid aerosol particles. Light diffusionpulses are recorded by a photoelectric analyser and transformed into an output signal. Therefore, the amount ofconcentration and the dispersion composition of aerosol particles are determined.Solid particle size and quantity may be det
39、ermined by an optical method with the use of an analytic filter.The corresponding microscope magnification is set for each range of particle sizes (see Table 1). The greatermagnifications are set on the microscope sequentially, and particle sizes and their quantity in other ranges ofsizes are determ
40、ined.Table 1 Choosing a microscope magnification in accordance with a size of determined particlesSize of determined particles ()100 to 60 60 to 40 40 to 20 20 to 14 14 to 8 8 to 4 4 to 2 2 to 1 1 to 0,5Microscope magnification ()20 to 30 30 to 40 40 to 50 50 to 80 80 to 100 100 to 250 250 to 500 50
41、0 to 1 000 2 000mBS ISO 15860:200644.3.2 Mechanical impurities content measurement by mass To measure a mass content of solid aerosol particles, the aerosol content transforming the dispersion contentand amount of concentration signals into a mass content value are used. If a channel for transformin
42、g thequantities and sizes of solid particles measured quantity and size into a mass concentration is absent in theaerosol counter, the solid particle content ( ) value shall be calculated by the following formula:(1)whereis the solid particle density specific ( ) (if the particle density is unknown,
43、 it shall be assumed tobe equal to );is the particle maximum size ( );is the number of particles of a certain size;is the sample volume ( ).A gravimetric method of a solid particle content measurement consists of passing a certain quantity of gasthrough a control analytic filter and weighing the fil
44、ter before and after sampling. The analytic filter shallguarantee compressed gas with a maximum particle size of .Solid particle content in a gas sample ( ) shall be calculated by the following formula:(2)whereis the mass of the filter before gas sampling ( );is the mass of the filter after gas samp
45、ling ( );is the flow rate of a gas sample passing through the control analytic filter ( );is the gas sampling duration ( ).Solid particle content in compressed gas ( ) shall be calculated based on results of not less than threemeasurements by the following formula:(3)whereis the solid particle conte
46、nt in compressed gas ( );is the gas sampling duration ( ).rScmg/m3rSc= 5,23 1010parenleftbiggz1d31+ z2d32+ . + znd3nVSparenrightbigg g/cm32,5 g/cm3d mzVSm30,2mrScmg/m3rSc=m2m1QtSm1mgm2mgQ m3/mintSminrSnmg/m3rSc=rS1t1+ rS2t2+ . + rSntnt1+ t2+ . + tnrS1, rS2, . rSnmg/m3t1, t2, . tnminBS ISO 15860:2006
47、5A tentative testing duration shall be calculated by the following formula:(4)whereis the minimum necessary content of solid particles on the filter ( );is the maximum permissible content of solid particles on the filter ( );is the supposed or limiting assumed content of solid particles value ( );is
48、 the gas flow through the control analytic filter ( ).4.3.3 Particle maximum size measurementParticle maximum size shall be measured by passing gas through an aerosol counter or a controlled analyticfilter. After gas passing, the control analytic filter shall be blanched and dried. Blanching shall b
49、e accomplishedusing a solvent containing for example of xylene C6H4(CH3)2and of threecresyl orto phosphate(CH3C6H2O)3PO or dibutyl phthalate C6H4COO(CH2)3CH32. Solid particle sizes are determined by testingthe particles with a microscope.4.3.4 Water vapour content measurementThe water vapour content in gases shall be measured by hygrometers intended to measure water vapourconcentrations in the range of to .Hygrometer preparation and operation procedures shall be carried out in accordance wit
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