1、raising standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI Standards PublicationBS ISO 16049-2:2013Air cargo equipment Restraint strapsPart 2: Utilization guidelines and lashingcalculationsBS ISO 16049-2:2013 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Sta
2、ndard is the UK implementation of ISO 16049-2:2013.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee ACE/57, Air cargo and ground support equipment.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not pur
3、port to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. The British Standards Institution 2013. Published by BSI StandardsLimited 2013ISBN 978 0 580 79163 5ICS 49.120Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.T
4、his British Standard was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 May 2013.Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedBS ISO 16049-2:2013 ISO 2013Air cargo equipment Restraint straps Part 2: Utilization guidelines and lashing calculationsquipement d
5、e fret arien Sangles darrimage Partie 2: Directives pour lutilisation et calculs darrimageINTERNATIONAL STANDARDISO16049-2Second edition2013-05-15Reference numberISO 16049-2:2013(E)BS ISO 16049-2:2013ISO 16049-2:2013(E)ii ISO 2013 All rights reservedCOPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2013All rights re
6、served. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either
7、ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester.ISO copyright officeCase postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11Fax + 41 22 749 09 47E-mail copyrightiso.orgWeb www.iso.orgPublished in SwitzerlandBS ISO 16049-2:2013ISO 16049-2:2013(E) ISO 2013 All rights reserv
8、ed iiiContents PageForeword ivIntroduction v1 Scope . 12 Normative references 13 Terms and definitions . 24 General requirements . 45 Tie-down method . 75.1 Basic method 75.2 Directions of restraint . 76 Calculation methods . 86.1 Load factors . 86.2 Calculation principles . 96.3 Practical calculati
9、on. 107 Specific requirements 117.1 General 117.2 Risk of cargo slippage 117.3 Risk of cargo tilting 117.4 Long and narrow items . 128 Operators responsibilities .12Bibliography .14BS ISO 16049-2:2013ISO 16049-2:2013(E)ForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide f
10、ederation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that co
11、mmittee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.The procedures used to develop this document
12、and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, P
13、art 2. www.iso.org/directivesAttention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the do
14、cument will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received. www.iso.org/patentsAny trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement.The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 20, Aircra
15、ft and space vehicles, Subcommittee SC 9, Air cargo and ground equipment.This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 16049-2:2005), which has been technically revised. It was technically revised to fully meet the requirements of Technical Standard Order (TSO/ETSO) C-172.ISO 16049
16、 consists of the following parts, under the general title Air cargo equipment Restraint straps: Part 1: Design criteria and testing methods Part 2: Utilization guidelines and lashing calculationsiv ISO 2013 All rights reservedBS ISO 16049-2:2013ISO 16049-2:2013(E)IntroductionThis part of ISO 16049 s
17、pecifies utilization guidelines and the principles to be used in tie-down/lashing strength calculations for the use of air cargo restraint straps on board civil transport aircraft.Throughout this part of ISO 16049, the minimum essential criteria are identified by use of the key word “shall”. Recomme
18、nded criteria are identified by use of the key word “should” and, while not mandatory, are considered to be of primary importance in providing safe lashing arrangements. Deviation from recommended criteria should only occur after careful consideration and thorough service evaluation have shown alter
19、nate methods to be satisfactory. ISO 2013 All rights reserved vBS ISO 16049-2:2013BS ISO 16049-2:2013Air cargo equipment Restraint straps Part 2: Utilization guidelines and lashing calculations1 Scope1.1 This part of ISO 16049 aims to provide general utilization guidelines and calculation methods ad
20、equate to guarantee the effectiveness and ultimate load strength of tie-down/lashing arrangements performed to restrain cargo on board civil transport aircraft during flight:a) cargo loaded and tied down onto airworthiness approved air cargo pallets, themselves restrained into aircraft lower deck or
21、 main deck or upper deck cargo systems meeting the restraint requirements of air cargo pallets approved in accordance with ISO 8097, (NAS3610) or ISO/PAS 21100, orb) additional tie-down on aircraft structure when necessitated by pallet maximum gross mass or centre of gravity limits, orc) non-unitize
22、d individual pieces of cargo, or pieces of cargo placed onto an unrestrained (“floating”) pallet into either lower deck, main deck or upper deck containerized cargo compartments of an aircraft, ord) individual pieces of load loaded in non-containerized (bulk loaded) baggage or cargo compartments.1.2
23、 This part of ISO 16049 applies to cargo tie-down/lashing arrangements using exclusively air cargo restraint straps conforming to ISO 16049-1. Its general recommendations may also be used for tie-down arrangements using other means (e.g. steel cables, rope, other types of straps), but under the user
24、s responsibility as to their adequacy and the strength calculations required.NOTE 1 Where tie-down is performed onto aircraft structure as per 1.1 b) or c), additional restrictions can be stated in the aircrafts Authority approved Weight and Balance Manual.NOTE 2 The use of chains or other rigid dev
25、ices for tie-down onto civil transport aircraft floor tracks is not part of the scope of this part of ISO 16049, since it is not recommended due to the possibility of generating excessive stresses in the aircraft structure, except where explicitly approved in the manufacturers Authority approved Wei
26、ght and Balance Manual.1.3 This part of ISO 16049 aims to provide industry recognized means of complying with Airworthiness Authorities general regulations applicable to load securing on board civil transport aircraft (see 14 CFR Part 25 and EASA CS-25), and aircraft manufacturers Authority approved
27、 Weight and Balance Manuals for each aircraft type as specified therein. It is not the intent of this part of ISO 16049 to specify when restraint straps should be used, but how they should be used. It does not, under any circumstance, supersede the requirements of any of the above documents that tak
28、e precedence at all times.2 Normative referencesThe following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.IS
29、O 7166, Aircraft Rail and stud configuration for passenger equipment and cargo restraintISO 8097:2001, Aircraft Minimum airworthiness requirements and test conditions for certified air cargo unit load devices1)1) Endorsement of NAS 3610 revision 10, TSO/ETSO/CTSO/JTSO C-90c.INTERNATIONAL STANDARD IS
30、O 16049-2:2013(E) ISO 2013 All rights reserved 1BS ISO 16049-2:2013ISO 16049-2:2013(E)ISO 9788, Air cargo equipment Cast components of double stud fitting assembly with a load capacity of 22 250 N (5 000 lbf), for aircraft cargo restraintISO 10254, Air cargo and ground equipment VocabularyISO 16049-
31、1, Air cargo equipment Restraint straps Part 1: Design criteria and testing methodsISO/PAS 21100, Air cargo unit load devices Performance requirements and test parameters(TSO/ETSO/CTSO/JTSO C-90d)CAAC CCAR-25, Airworthiness Standards Transport Category AirplanesEuropean Aviation Safety Agency (EASA)
32、 Certification Specification CS-25, Airworthiness Standards: transport category aeroplanes2)EASA European Technical Standard Order ETSO C172 Cargo Restraint Strap Assemblies3)European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) EU-OPS 1.035, Quality system4)Japanese Airworthiness Standard Part 3 (Civil Aeronautic
33、s Law Article 10 4)5)USA Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Title 14 Part 25, Airworthiness Standards: transport category airplanes. (“14 CFR Part 25”)6)USA Federal Aviation Administration Technical Standard Order TSO C172 Cargo Restraint Strap Assemblies7)Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Adviso
34、ry Circular AC 120-59, Air carriers internal evaluation programs8)NOTE Also see other informative references in Bibliography.3 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 10254 and the following apply.3.1tie-downlashingfact of restraining cargo move
35、ments in relation to an aircrafts structure, throughout the range of relative accelerations resulting from the allowable flight envelope, by means of an appropriate use of a number of elementary tie-down devices against each direction of restraint2) EASA CS-25 constitutes the European governments tr
36、ansport aircraft airworthiness Regulations, and can, as well as EU-OPS, be obtained from European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA), Otto Platz 1, Postfach 101253, D-50452 Cologne, Germany, or its web site at http:/www.easa.europa.eu/.3) See footnote 2.4) See footnote 2.5) The Japanese Airworthiness Sta
37、ndard Part 3 (ISBN 4-89279-661-1) constitutes the Japanese government transport aircraft airworthiness approval Regulations, and can be obtained from the Civil Aviation Bureau (CAB) of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Tourism and Transport, Tokyo, Japan, or its web site at http:/www.mlit.go.jp/
38、en.6) The Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Title 14 Part 25, abbreviated throughout this standard as “14 CFR Part 25”, constitutes the USA government transport aircraft airworthiness Regulations, and can be obtained from the US Government Printing Office, Mail Stop SSOP, Washington DC 20402-9328, U
39、SA, or its website at http:/www.gpoaccess.gov/. Advisory Circulars can be obtained from the FAA at its website http:/www.faa.gov/.7) See footnote 6.8) See footnote 6.2 ISO 2013 All rights reservedBS ISO 16049-2:2013ISO 16049-2:2013(E)3.2tie-down arrangementgeometric layout of an assembly of elementa
40、ry tie-down devices affixed and tensioned around a piece of cargo in order to ensure its tie-down against each direction of restraint3.3flight envelopeset, during flight of a given aircraft type of sub-type, of allowable values for accelerations which may be encountered during flight in the various
41、directions relative to the aircrafts structure, as determined during the aircraft certification flight testing and certified by the Airworthiness Authority within the aircrafts type certificate3.4limit loadLLmaximum load to be expected in service as a result of the certified flight envelope of the a
42、ircraftNote 1 to entry: It is two thirds of the ultimate load (see 3.5).3.5ultimate loadULlimit load multiplied by a safety factor of 1,5 prescribed by 14 CFR Part 25 and CS-25, paragraph 25.303Note 1 to entry: It is used for calculation of cargo tie-down arrangements, based on the ultimate load fac
43、tors defined in the Airworthiness Authority approved Weight and Balance Manual, in each direction of restraint, throughout the certified flight envelope of the aircraft type.3.6fore and aftdirections of restraint, relative to the aircraft structure, determined parallel to the aircraft centreline tow
44、ards the direction of flight, or opposed to it3.7sidesdirections of restraint, relative to the aircraft structure, determined perpendicular to the aircraft centreline and parallel to its floor, lefthand or righthand3.8upwardupward direction relative to the aircraft structure3.9load factorsaccelerati
45、ons, expressed as multiples of the standard acceleration of gravity (“g” = 9,806 65 m.s2), in each direction of restraint (fore, aft, sides, upward), that will result in limit or ultimate, as is the case, forces on the tie-down arrangement proportional to the mass of the piece of cargo being restrai
46、nedNote 1 to entry: They are provided by Airworthiness Authority approved Weight and Balance Manual for aircraft type or sub-type.Note 2 to entry: The load factors may be limit or ultimate.3.10restraint strap assemblystrapbasic tie-down unit consisting of flat woven textile webbing (one fixed end an
47、d one adjustable end), one tensioning device and two end fittings, used for restraint of cargo on board civil transport aircraftNote 1 to entry: See ISO 16049-1 for description, design criteria and testing requirements. ISO 2013 All rights reserved 3BS ISO 16049-2:2013ISO 16049-2:2013(E)3.11(tie-dow
48、n) fittingbasic piece of hardware, either single stud (see ISO 7166) or double stud (see ISO 9788), with an omni-directional capability, allowing to attach (a) strap(s) or other elementary tie-down unit(s) to the floor tracks or tie-down receptacles of an aircrafts structure or the edge tracks of an
49、 air cargo palletNote 1 to entry: Tie-down fittings most commonly include an attachment ring, but may also be directly sewn onto a strap as a permanent end fitting thereof (see ISO 16049-1).3.12floatingair cargo pallet, or equivalent flat support device, located on an aircrafts cargo compartment rollerized conveyor but not restrained by the cargo system, the pallet and its load constituting “non unitized” cargo and being restrained by a set of straps attached to aircraft structural points3.13competent person
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