1、BSI Standards PublicationBS ISO 16405:2015Room corner and opencalorimeter Guidance onsampling and measurement ofeffluent gas production usingFTIR techniqueBS ISO 16405:2015 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO 16405:2015. The UK participation in its
2、preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee FSH/21/-/7, Reaction to fire tests - Large and intermediate scale tests.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a con
3、tract. Users are responsible for its correct application. The British Standards Institution 2015.Published by BSI Standards Limited 2015ISBN 978 0 580 77283 2ICS 13.220.01Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.This British Standard was published under the au
4、thority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 March 2015.Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate T e x t a f f e c t e dBS ISO 16405:2015 ISO 2015Room corner and open calorimeter Guidance on sampling and measurement of effluent gas production using FTIR techniqueMesurage de
5、 la production de gaz toxique laide de la technique IRTF pour lessai en coin de salle et calorimtrie ouverteINTERNATIONAL STANDARDISO16405First edition2015-03-01Reference numberISO 16405:2015(E)BS ISO 16405:2015ISO 16405:2015(E)ii ISO 2015 All rights reservedCOPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2015All
6、rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested fro
7、m either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester.ISO copyright officeCase postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11Fax + 41 22 749 09 47E-mail copyrightiso.orgWeb www.iso.orgPublished in SwitzerlandBS ISO 16405:2015ISO 16405:2015(E)Foreword ivIntroductio
8、n v1 Scope . 12 Normative references 13 Terms and definitions . 14 Principle 15 Gas sampling system 25.1 General . 25.2 Gas sampling probe . 25.2.1 Sampling position . 25.2.2 Exhaust duct sampling application 35.2.3 Alternative sampling applications 45.3 Filter . 55.4 Tubing . 55.5 Pump 56 FTIR inst
9、rument 66.1 General . 66.2 Gas cell 66.3 Spectrometer parameters 76.4 Detector . 77 Measurement . 77.1 Requirements . 77.2 Calibration 77.3 Test procedure . 78 Analysis of spectra 89 Expression of results 8Annex A (normative) Calculation 10Bibliography .13 ISO 2015 All rights reserved iiiContents Pa
10、geBS ISO 16405:2015ISO 16405:2015(E)ForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body in
11、terested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechni
12、cal Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO doc
13、uments should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsi
14、ble for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).Any trade name used in this document is information given for
15、 the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement.For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISOs adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see the following URL
16、: Foreword Supplementary information .The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 92, Fire safety, Subcommittee SC 1, Fire initiation and growth.iv ISO 2015 All rights reservedBS ISO 16405:2015ISO 16405:2015(E)IntroductionThis International Standard is intended to obtain concentrations of
17、effluent gases produced in large-scale or simulated real-scale fire tests, such as the room corner test and open calorimeters. These tests describe the fire behaviour of a product under controlled laboratory conditions.The test standard can be used as part of a fire hazard assessment which takes int
18、o account all of the factors which are pertinent to an assessment of the fire hazard of a particular end use. ISO 2015 All rights reserved vBS ISO 16405:2015BS ISO 16405:2015Room corner and open calorimeter Guidance on sampling and measurement of effluent gas production using FTIR technique1 ScopeTh
19、is International Standard gives guidance concerning suitable apparatus and procedures to be used when applying the FTIR method to measure concentrations of effluent gases produced in large-scale or simulated real-scale fire tests. Such tests include the room corner test (see ISO 9705) and open calor
20、imeter tests as described in ISO 24473.This guidance and measuring method only describes the way in which the sampling of the gases and collection of FTIR spectra are performed. Analysis of spectra and calibration is part of ISO 19702.2 Normative referencesThe following documents, in whole or in par
21、t, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.ISO 9705, Fire tests Full-scale room test for surfa
22、ce productsISO 13943, Fire safety VocabularyISO 19702:1), Guidance for sampling and analysis of toxic gases and vapours in fire effluents using Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)ISO 24473, Fire tests Open calorimetry Measurement of the rate of production of heat and combustion products f
23、or fires of up to 40 MWISO/IEC Guide 98-3, Uncertainty of measurement Part 3: Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement (GUM: 1995)3 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this document, the definitions given in ISO 13943 apply.4 PrincipleBy using the on-line FTIR technique, it is poss
24、ible to simultaneously measure the time resolved concentration of several gases during a fire test.The practical measurement procedure is to continuously extract a fraction of the effluents from the exhaust duct (the most common application) from the opening of the test room or, alternatively, from
25、a position in the vicinity of a test object through a heated sampling system and into a heated optical cell. There, the specific absorption patterns of infrared-active species are recorded by a detector. This information is subsequently presented as an absorption spectrum that is used to determine t
26、he concentrations of effluent components. The frequency of collection of absorption spectra, the 1) To be published. (Revision of ISO 19702:2006)INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 16405:2015(E) ISO 2015 All rights reserved 1BS ISO 16405:2015ISO 16405:2015(E)characteristics of the flow in the exhaust duct (i
27、f applicable), and the residence time and flow pattern in the optical cell determine the time resolution of the measurements.NOTE FTIR is based on infrared absorption. Polyatomic and heteronuclear diatomic compounds have absorption in the infrared region. Specific to FTIR is conversion of regular ir
28、radiance from a broad band infrared source into interfered irradiance by an interferometer and conversion of the recorded interferogram into a conventional wavelength spectrum. The main advantage of the FTIR technique is that information from all spectral elements is measured simultaneously and anot
29、her advantage is that the measurement is made with a high optical throughput giving a high signal to noise ratio. See ISO 19702 for a more detailed background on FTIR theory.5 Gas sampling system5.1 GeneralThe gas sampling system consists of a probe for sampling fire effluent gases, a filter system
30、for removing particulates from the sampled gas, sampling tubing for transporting the gas to the FTIR gas cell, and a pump for drawing the gas. The parts of the sampling system placed before the FTIR gas cell shall be heated to avoid condensation and losses of certain water soluble compounds (e.g. HC
31、l).A temperature of the sampling system between 150 C to 190 C shall be used (see ISO 19702).The temperature throughout the heated part of the sampling system shall be homogeneous or slightly increasing along the sampling system from the probe to the gas cell to avoid any cold points that could act
32、as a condensation point for water and soluble gases.NOTE 1 It is important that the gas in the sampling system is heated to a temperature as close as possible to the set-temperature of the sampling system. Procedures for checking the gas temperature are given in ISO 19702.Information on delay and re
33、sponse time of the overall system is necessary and shall be reported.NOTE 2 Method for determination of the response and transport time of the measurement system is given in ISO 19702. Besides the transport time from the gas sampling probe to the gas cell, there is also a transport time from the roo
34、m to the gas sampling probe.NOTE 3 The response and delay time can be obtained at the same time as burner calibrations are performed (see ISO 9705). It also allows an overall check of the system.5.2 Gas sampling probe5.2.1 Sampling positionIn enclosure tests, the normal sampling position is in the d
35、uct of the smoke collection system. This sampling position represents cooled and diluted fire effluents.NOTE 1 This sampling position is preferred in many cases as matrix effects from the fire effluents are minimized by the dilution. A further advantage is that when fire effluents are quantitatively
36、 collected with the hood system, the production of toxic gases can be quantitatively measured.NOTE 2 In the early stages of an enclosure fire or when sampling from a small fire in an enclosure, the dilution of the fire effluents can result in concentrations below practical detection limits.An altern
37、ative sampling position in an enclosure test, which can be preferred in certain cases, is in the top of the doorway (i.e. sampling from the undiluted out-flowing fire effluents).NOTE 3 For sampling from the doorway, it is important to ascertain that a representative sample is taken over the out-flow
38、ing area. It is further important to consider that hot fire gases sampled from the opening might not be sufficiently oxidized and will continue to react outside of the opening.NOTE 4 For quantitative measurement of toxic gas production, the flow rate out from the room has to be quantified.2 ISO 2015
39、 All rights reservedBS ISO 16405:2015ISO 16405:2015(E)Another alternative sampling position in an enclosure test is at various local positions within the enclosure.NOTE 5 The results from measurements at specific positions within an enclosure are, however, only relevant for the specific test scenari
40、o.In open tests where the fire effluents are collected by a hood/smoke gas collection system, the normal sampling position is in the duct of the smoke collection system.Alternative sampling positions in open tests are at various local positions in the vicinity of the fire.NOTE 6 The results from poi
41、nt measurements in the vicinity of the fire are, however, only relevant for the specific test scenario.5.2.2 Exhaust duct sampling applicationThe gas sampling probe shall extract a representative sample of gases from the exhaust duct.The probe shall be mounted at a position in the smoke gas duct whe
42、re the diluted fire effluents are uniformly mixed.NOTE 1 This is normally the case at a distance of 5 diameters to 10 diameters from the bend of the duct after the collection hood.NOTE 2 A suitable probe construction and arrangement for the ISO 9705 test is shown in Figure 1 (information on probe po
43、sitioning is available in ISO 9705, Annex E).NOTE 3 General information on sampling probes for FTIR-measurement is available in ISO 19702.Dimensions in mmKey1 exhaust duct2 16 2 mm holes on downstream side of flow3 15 3 mm holes on downstream side of flow4 connection to the sampling lineFigure 1 Gas
44、 sampling probe for the ISO 9705 room exhaust duct ISO 2015 All rights reserved 3BS ISO 16405:2015ISO 16405:2015(E)5.2.3 Alternative sampling applicationsWhen sampling directly from poorly mixed and inhomogeneous fire gases (for example, in the door opening of a test enclosure), one shall ascertain
45、representative sampling.NOTE 1 The flow patterns through the opening of a test enclosure are complicated and it varies during the course of a fire test. Typically, the upper part of the exit flow is well-mixed but this is surrounded by a relatively slow-moving boundary layer between effluent and air
46、 that can be partly diluted by the incoming air. Ideally, it is useful to observe the flow shape and characteristics for the particular test before selecting a probe type and its position in the effluent stream. It is likely that a multi-hole probe will be necessary.One method to accomplish represen
47、tative sampling is to use a multi-hole probe with gradation of hole sizes along the length of the probe and to place the probe such that it crosses the fire gases monitored.NOTE 2 An example of a suitable multi-hole probe is given in Table 1. This probe has been successfully applied to measurements
48、taken in the door of the ISO 9705 room, where the top of the probe (closest to the pump) was placed at the top of the ISO 9705 door and the probe traversed the door diagonally, finishing 30 cm below the top of the doorway.3A simpler but less precise method is to place a single-port probe in a well-m
49、ixed location; in a door opening, the probe shall be placed in the relatively well-mixed upper layers of the out-flowing effluents.Measurement of the volumetric exit flow rate from a door opening is necessary whatever probe type is used in order to convert measured concentrations to total flow of gas species out from the test enclosure.NOTE 3 The exit flow in enclosure fire tests varies during a test. The rate of the exit flow grows with increasing fire intensity and the position of the neutral plane stabilises first at “steady-
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