1、BSI Standards PublicationBS ISO 16638-1:2015Radiological protection Monitoring and internaldosimetry for specific materialsPart 1: Inhalation of uranium compoundsBS ISO 16638-1:2015 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO 16638-1:2015.The UK participati
2、on in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee NCE/2, Radiation protection and measurement.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are res
3、ponsible for its correctapplication. The British Standards Institution 2015.Published by BSI Standards Limited 2015ISBN 978 0 580 81417 4ICS 17.240Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of theStandards P
4、olicy and Strategy Committee on 31 December 2015.Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate T e x t a f f e c t e dBS ISO 16638-1:2015 ISO 2015Radiological protection Monitoring and internal dosimetry for specific materials Part 1: Inhalation of uranium compoundsRadioprotection Contrle et do
5、simtrie interne des lments spcifiques Partie 1: Inhalation de composs duraniumINTERNATIONAL STANDARDISO16638-1First edition2015-12-15Reference numberISO 16638-1:2015(E)BS ISO 16638-1:2015ISO 16638-1:2015(E)ii ISO 2015 All rights reservedCOPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2015, Published in Switzerland
6、All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested
7、 from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester.ISO copyright officeCh. de Blandonnet 8 CP 401CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, SwitzerlandTel. +41 22 749 01 11Fax +41 22 749 09 47copyrightiso.orgwww.iso.orgBS ISO 16638-1:2015ISO 16638-1:2015(E)Foreword vIntroduction
8、 vi1 Scope . 12 Normative references 23 Terms and definitions . 24 Symbols and abbreviated terms . 64.1 Symbols . 64.2 Abbreviated terms . 75 Purpose and need for monitoring programmes 76 General aspects .106.1 Radiological aspects 106.2 Chemical toxicity 117 Reference levels for uranium .127.1 Radi
9、ological aspects 127.2 Chemical toxicity 157.2.1 General. 157.2.2 Exposure limits 157.3 Application of reference levels . 168 Routine monitoring programmes 168.1 General 168.2 Workplace monitoring . 168.3 Individual monitoring 178.3.1 General. 178.3.2 Dosimetric and radiation . 178.3.3 Chemical haza
10、rd 188.4 Methods and monitoring intervals . 188.4.1 General. 188.4.2 Time intervals for toxicological risk.188.4.3 Time intervals for radiotoxicological risk .188.4.4 Principles and assumptions 199 Special monitoring programmes 209.1 Workplace monitoring . 209.2 Individual monitoring 209.2.1 Recomme
11、nded monitoring for toxicological risk .209.2.2 Recommended monitoring and period for radiotoxicological risk .2010 Task-related monitoring programmes .2110.1 Workplace monitoring . 2110.2 Individual monitoring 2111 Performance criteria for laboratories 2211.1 General 2211.2 Critical values 2211.3 R
12、eference values . 2311.4 Performance criteria for workplace monitoring 2312 Quality assurance and quality control for bioassay laboratories 2413 Procedure for the assessment of exposures .2413.1 General 2413.2 Assessment of workplace monitoring data . 2513.3 Assessment of individual monitoring data
13、2513.4 Properties of a software tool 25 ISO 2015 All rights reserved iiiContents PageBS ISO 16638-1:2015ISO 16638-1:2015(E)13.5 Uncertainties . 2613.6 Quality assurance of the assessment process . 2714 Reporting and documentation 2714.1 Reporting results for in vitro measurements . 2714.2 Reporting
14、results for in vivo measurements . 2814.3 Documentation of the dose assessment . 28Annex A (informative) Nuclear data of U-238 and U-235 decay .30Annex B (informative) Default classification of uranium compounds .31Annex C (informative) Measurement techniques for uranium 32Annex D (informative) Comm
15、itted effective dose per unit intake for uranium compounds .36Annex E (informative) Estimation of uncertainties for internal dose assessments .37Bibliography .41iv ISO 2015 All rights reservedBS ISO 16638-1:2015ISO 16638-1:2015(E)ForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a
16、worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented
17、 on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.The procedures used to develop thi
18、s document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Di
19、rectives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the deve
20、lopment of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement.For an explanation on the meaning of ISO
21、specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISOs adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary informationThe committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 85, Nuclear ene
22、rgy, nuclear technologies, and radiological protection, Subcommittee SC 2, Radiological protection. ISO 2015 All rights reserved vBS ISO 16638-1:2015ISO 16638-1:2015(E)IntroductionIn the course of employment, individuals may work with radioactive materials that, under certain circumstances, could be
23、 taken into the body. Protecting workers against the risks of incorporated radionuclides requires monitoring potential intakes and/or quantifying actual intakes and exposures. The doses resulting from internal radiation exposure arising from contamination by radioactive substances cannot be measured
24、 directly. Decisions have to be made regarding which methods, techniques, frequencies, etc., to select in order to measure and assess these doses. The criteria for determining the design of a monitoring programme, i.e. its requirements, methods and schedule, usually depends on legislation, the purpo
25、se of the overall radiation protection programme, the probabilities of potential radionuclide intakes and the characteristics of the materials handled.For these reasons, three International Standards addressing monitoring programmes (ISO 20553:2006), laboratory requirements (ISO 28218:2010) and dose
26、 assessments (ISO 27048:2011) have been developed and can be applied in a straightforward manner to many radionuclides. However, for a number of specific materials, the practical application of these International Standards is complex and further guidance may be required, e.g. for accreditation purp
27、oses.This International Standard has been developed to address the specific issue of monitoring and internal dosimetry for inhalation of uranium compounds, which reflects the growing interest in nuclear energy production and the associated increase in uranium mining and fuel production, the large va
28、riation of isotopic compositions of the uranium compounds that may be encountered in the workplace, and the importance of taking into account both the chemical and the radiological risks arising from exposures to uranium.It contributes to harmonizing the practices in the monitoring of occupationally
29、 exposed persons while remaining complementary to ISO 20553:2006, ISO 28218:2010 and ISO 27048:2011.This International Standard describes the need for a monitoring and internal dosimetry programme for the different compounds of uranium and offers guidance on its design. Its development has taken int
30、o account recommendations from international expert bodies and persons with international experience of the practical application of its recommendations in radiological protection programmes. Its application facilitates the exchanges of information between authorities, supervisory institutions and e
31、mployers. vi ISO 2015 All rights reservedBS ISO 16638-1:2015Radiological protection Monitoring and internal dosimetry for specific materials Part 1: Inhalation of uranium compounds1 ScopeThis International Standard specifies the minimum requirements for the design of professional programmes to monit
32、or workers exposed to uranium compounds. It establishes principles for the development of compatible goals and requirements for monitoring programmes and dose assessment for workers occupationally exposed to internal contamination. It establishes procedures and assumptions for risk analysis, monitor
33、ing programmes and the standardised interpretation of monitoring data in order to achieve acceptable levels of reliability for uranium and its compounds. It sets limits for the applicability of the procedures in respect to dose levels above which more sophisticated methods have to be applied.Uranium
34、 is both radiologically and chemically toxic. Hence, the scientific bases of current occupational exposure standards are reviewed in addition to radiation exposure limits. This International Standard addresses those circumstances when exposure could be constrained by either radiological or chemical
35、toxicity concerns.This International Standard addresses, for uranium and its compounds, the following items:a) purposes of monitoring and monitoring programmes;b) description of the different categories of monitoring programmes;c) quantitative criteria for conducting monitoring programmes;d) suitabl
36、e methods for monitoring and criteria for their selection;e) information that has to be collected for the design of a monitoring programme;f) general requirements for monitoring programmes (e.g. detection limits, tolerated uncertainties);g) frequencies of measurements;h) procedures for dose assessme
37、nt based on reference levels for routine and special monitoring programmes;i) assumptions for the selection of dose-critical parameter values;j) criteria for determining the significance of monitoring results;k) interpretation of workplace monitoring results;l) uncertainties arising from dose assess
38、ment and interpretation of bioassays data;m) reporting/documentation;n) quality assurance;o) record keeping requirements.INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 16638-1:2015(E) ISO 2015 All rights reserved 1BS ISO 16638-1:2015ISO 16638-1:2015(E)It is not applicable to the following items:a) monitoring of exposur
39、e due to uranium progeny, including radon;b) detailed descriptions of measuring methods and techniques for uranium;c) dosimetry for litigation cases;d) modelling for the improvement of internal dosimetry;e) potential influence of counter-measures (e.g. administration of chelating agents);f) investig
40、ation of the causes or implications of an exposure;g) dosimetry for ingestion exposures and for contaminated wounds.2 Normative referencesThe following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only th
41、e edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.ISO/IEC Guide 98-3, Uncertainty of measurement Part 3: Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement (GUM:1995)ISO/IEC Guide 99, International vocabulary of metro
42、logy Basic and general concepts and associated terms (VIM)ISO 5725-1, Accuracy (trueness and precision) of measurement methods and results Part 1: General principles and definitionsISO 5725-2, Accuracy (trueness and precision) of measurement methods and results Part 2: Basic method for the determina
43、tion of repeatability and reproducibility of a standard measurement methodISO 5725-3, Accuracy (trueness and precision) of measurement methods and results Part 3: Intermediate measures of the precision of a standard measurement methodISO 20553:2006, Radiation protection Monitoring of workers occupat
44、ionally exposed to a risk of internal contamination with radioactive materialISO 28218:2010, Radiation protection Performance criteria for radiobioassayISO 27048:2011, Radiation protection Dose assessment for the monitoring of workers for internal radiation exposureISO 15189:2012, Medical laboratori
45、es Requirements for quality and competence3 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO/IEC Guide 99, ISO 5725-1, ISO 5725-2, ISO 5725-3 and the following apply.3.1absorptionmovement of material into blood regardless of mechanism, which generally ap
46、plies to the dissociation of particles and the uptake into blood of soluble substances and material dissociated from particles2 ISO 2015 All rights reservedBS ISO 16638-1:2015ISO 16638-1:2015(E)3.2absorption Type Fdeposited materials that have high (fast) rates of absorption into body fluids from th
47、e respiratory tractSOURCE: ICRP 663.3absorption Type Mdeposited materials that have intermediate (moderate) rates of absorption into body fluids from the respiratory tractSOURCE: ICRP 663.4absorption Type Sdeposited materials that have low (slow) rates of absorption into body fluids from the respira
48、tory tractSOURCE: ICRP 663.5activitynumber of spontaneous nuclear disintegrations per unit timeNote 1 to entry: The activity is stated in becquerels (Bq), i.e. the number of disintegrations per second.3.6activity median aerodynamic diameterAMADvalue of aerodynamic diameter such that 50 % of the airb
49、orne activity in a specified aerosol is associated with particles smaller than the AMAD and 50 % of the activity is associated with particles larger than the AMADNote 1 to entry: The aerodynamic diameter of an airborne particle is the diameter that a sphere of unit density would need to have in order to have the same terminal velocity when settling in air as the particle of interest.3.7clearancenet effect of the biological processes by which radionuclides are removed from the body or from a tissue, organ or region of
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