BS ISO 16732-1-2012 Fire safety engineering Fire risk assessment General《消防安全工程 火灾风险评估 总则》.pdf

1、raising standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI Standards PublicationBS ISO 16732-1:2012Fire safety engineering Firerisk assessmentPart 1: GeneralBS ISO 16732-1:2012 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation o

2、f ISO 16732-1:2012.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee FSH/24, Fire safety engineering.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessaryprovisions of

3、a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. The British Standards Institution 2012. Published by BSI StandardsLimited 2012ISBN 978 0 580 69197 3ICS 13.220.01Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under the

4、 authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 September 2012.Amendments issued since publicationDate T e x t a f f e c t e dBS ISO 16732-1:2012 ISO 2012Fire safety engineering Fire risk assessment Part 1: GeneralIngnierie de la scurit incendie valuation du risque dincendie Partie 1:

5、 GnralitsINTERNATIONAL STANDARDISO16732-1First edition2012-02-15Reference numberISO 16732-1:2012(E)BS ISO 16732-1:2012ISO 16732-1:2012(E)ii ISO 2012 All rights reservedCOPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2012All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced

6、or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester.ISO copyright officeCase postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11F

7、ax + 41 22 749 09 47E-mail copyrightiso.orgWeb www.iso.orgPublished in SwitzerlandBS ISO 16732-1:2012ISO 16732-1:2012(E) ISO 2012 All rights reserved iiiContents PageForeword ivIntroduction v1 Scope 12 Normative references . 13 Terms and definitions 14 Applicability of fire risk assessment 54.1 Circ

8、umstances where fire risk assessment provides advantages relative to deterministic fire safety engineering analysis 55 Overview of fire risk management 56 Steps in fire risk estimation 66.1 Overview of fire risk estimation . 66.2 Use of scenarios in fire risk assessment 76.3 Estimation of frequency

9、and probability . 96.4 Estimation of consequence 126.5 Calculation of scenario fire risk and combined fire risk .137 Uncertainty, sensitivity, precision, and bias 157.1 Elements of uncertainty analysis 157.2 Validation and peer review 168 Fire risk evaluation .168.1 Individual and societal risk .168

10、.2 Risk acceptance criteria 178.3 Safety factors and safety margins 18Bibliography .19BS ISO 16732-1:2012ISO 16732-1:2012(E)ForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International

11、 Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, a

12、lso take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.The main task of technical committe

13、es is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.Attention is drawn to the possib

14、ility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.ISO 16732-1 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 92, Fire safety, Subcommittee SC 4, Fire safety engineering. This first edition

15、 of ISO 16732-1 cancels and replaces ISO/TS 16732:2005, which has been technically revised.ISO 16732 consists of the following parts, under the general title Fire safety engineering Fire risk assessment: Part 1: GeneralThe following parts are under preparation: Part 2: Example of an office building

16、Part 3: Example of an industrial facility Technical Reportiv ISO 2012 All rights reservedBS ISO 16732-1:2012ISO 16732-1:2012(E)IntroductionThis part of ISO 16732 is for use by fire safety practitioners who employ risk assessment based methods. Any fire safety practitioner can have reason to employ s

17、uch methods. All fire safety decisions involve uncertainty. Probabilities are the mathematical representation of uncertainty, and risk assessment is the form of fire safety analysis that most extensively uses probabilities and so most extensively addresses all types of uncertainty.Examples of types

18、of such fire safety practitioners include fire safety engineers; authorities having jurisdiction, such as territorial authority officials; fire service personnel; code enforcers; code developers; insurers; fire safety managers; and risk managers. Users of this part of ISO 16732 are to be appropriate

19、ly qualified and competent in the fields of fire safety engineering and risk assessment. It is particularly important that the user understand the limitations of application of any methodology that is used.Risk assessment is preceded by two steps: establishment of a context, including the fire safet

20、y objectives to be met, the subjects of the fire risk assessment to be performed, and related facts or assumptions; and identification of the various hazards to be assessed. A “hazard” is something with the potential to cause harm.The subjects of fire risk assessment include the design and control o

21、f any part of the built environment, such as buildings or other structures. Fire risk assessment of a design consists of analysis of the risks, e.g. frequency and severity of harm, that are predicted to result if the design is implemented, combined with an evaluation of the acceptability of those ri

22、sks.Fire risk assessment can be used to support any decisions about fire prevention or fire protection of new or existing built environments, such as buildings, where probabilistic aspects, such as fire ignition or the reliability of fire precautions, are important. Fire risk assessment can also be

23、used to establish safety equivalent to a code, to assess the balance between the cost and the risk reduction benefit of a proposal, or to examine acceptable risk specifically for severe events. Fire risk assessment can also be used to provide general guidance or to support choices in the selection o

24、f scenarios and other elements of a deterministic analysis.Fire risk assessment can be used as part of compliance with ISO 23932, and all the requirements of ISO 23932 apply to any application of this part of ISO 16732. ISO 23932 identifies different applications of fire risk assessment. One applica

25、tion is for the limited purpose of identifying a manageable number of design fire scenarios for a deterministic analysis. This use of fire risk assessment is cited in ISO 23932:2009, 9.2.2.2 and 9.2.2.3. Additional guidance for this application is contained in ISO/TS 16733.The other application, cit

26、ed in ISO 23932:2009, 10.1.1.2, is as a calculation method to assess whether a proposed or existing design plan meets fire safety objectives when the performance criteria for the fire safety objectives are expressed in a probabilistic form. That application is the one for which ISO 16732 is principa

27、lly designed. In that application the concept of design fire scenario, as described in ISO 23932, is better addressed through the dual concepts of fire scenario cluster and representative fire scenario used in this part of ISO 16732. The user should regard representative fire scenarios as the types

28、of design fire scenarios used in fire risk assessment. The term “representative” and the linkage with fire scenario clusters are necessary to establish that calculations based on the selected scenarios will produce an acceptably accurate estimate of the required performance criteria, expressed as me

29、asures of fire risk, in accordance with ISO 23932. ISO 2012 All rights reserved vBS ISO 16732-1:2012BS ISO 16732-1:2012Fire safety engineering Fire risk assessment Part 1: General1 ScopeThis part of ISO 16732 provides the conceptual basis for fire risk assessment by stating the principles underlying

30、 the quantification and interpretation of fire-related risk. These fire risk principles apply to all fire-related phenomena and all end-use configurations, which means these principles can be applied to all types of fire scenarios. The principles and concepts in this part of ISO 16732 can be applied

31、 to any fire safety objectives, including the five typical objectives listed as examples in Clause 1 of ISO 23932:2009: safety of life, conservation of property, continuity of business and safety operations, protection of the environment, preservation of heritage.This part of ISO 16732 is designed a

32、s a guide for future standards that provide formal procedures for the implementation of the risk assessment principles for specific applications, e.g. situations in which only certain types of fire scenarios are possible. Those future standards will complete the process of full standardization begun

33、 by this part of ISO 16732, which not only specifies the steps to be followed in fire risk assessment but also provides guidance for use in determining whether the specific approach used for quantification falls within an acceptable range.Principles underlying the quantification of risk are presente

34、d in this part of ISO 16732 in terms of the steps to be taken in conducting a fire risk assessment. These quantification steps are initially placed in the context of the overall management of fire risk and then explained within the context of fire safety engineering, as discussed in ISO/TR 13387. Th

35、e use of scenarios and the characterization of probability (or the closely related measure of frequency) and consequence are then described as steps in fire risk estimation, leading to the quantification of combined fire risk. Guidance is also provided on the use of the information generated, i.e. o

36、n the interpretation of fire risk. Finally, there is guidance on methods of uncertainty analysis, in which the uncertainty associated with the fire risk estimates is estimated and the implications of that uncertainty are interpreted and assessed.This part of ISO 16732 is not structured to conform wi

37、th any national regulation or other requirement regarding the use of fire risk assessment or the type of analysis that is to be performed under the name of fire risk assessment.2 Normative referencesThe following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are ind

38、ispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.ISO 13943:2008, Fire safety Vocabulary3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms an

39、d definitions given in ISO 13943 and the following apply.INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 16732-1:2012(E) ISO 2012 All rights reserved 1BS ISO 16732-1:2012ISO 16732-1:2012(E)3.1acceptance criterionfire risk assessment calculations qualitative and quantitative criterion which forms an acceptable basis for

40、assessing the safety of a built environment design, defined on particular fire risk measurement scalesNote 1 to entry: Adapted from ISO 13943:2008.3.2consequenceoutcome or outcomes of an event, expressed positively or negatively, quantitatively or qualitatively3.3design loadfire risk assessment calc

41、ulations fire scenario with sufficient severity to provide an appropriate basis for assessing whether a design will produce unacceptably large consequences3.4engineering judgementprocess exercised by a professional who is qualified by way of education, experience and recognized skills to complement,

42、 supplement, accept or reject elements of a quantitative analysis3.5event treedepiction of temporal, causal sequences of events, built around a single initiating conditionSOURCE: ISO 13943:2008, 4.853.6fault treedepiction of the logical dependencies of events on one another, built around a critical

43、resulting event, which usually has an unacceptable level of consequence and may be described as a failureSOURCE: ISO 13943:2008, 4.953.7fire riskscenario combination of the probability of a fire and a quantified measure of its consequenceNote 1 to entry: Adapted from ISO 13943:2008.3.8fire riskdesig

44、n combination of the frequencies and consequences of scenarios associated with the designNote 1 to entry: In definition 3.8, risk is typically expressed as risk per unit time, which is the reason that frequency is used instead of probability in the definition. Frequencies are normally calculated for

45、 fire scenario clusters (see 3.16), and consequences are normally calculated for representative fire scenarios (see 3.15).3.9fire risk, acceptablefire risk evaluation calculation risk that satisfies defined acceptance criteria3.10fire risk assessmentbuilt environment fire risk calculation well-defin

46、ed procedure for estimation of fire risk for a built environment and evaluation of estimated fire risk in terms of well-defined acceptance criteria3.11fire-risk curvegraphical representation of fire riskNote 1 to entry: It is normally a log/log plot of cumulative probability versus cumulative conseq

47、uence; when consequences are measured as fatalities, fire-risk curve is also called an fN-curve, where f refers to frequency and N refers to number of deaths.2 ISO 2012 All rights reservedBS ISO 16732-1:2012ISO 16732-1:2012(E)SOURCE: ISO 13943:2008, 4.1253.12fire risk evaluationcomparison of estimat

48、ed risk, based on fire risk analysis, to acceptable risk, based on defined acceptance criteria3.13fire risk matrixmatrix display in which (1) rows or columns are defined by ranges of fire scenario cluster frequencies, (2) columns or rows are defined by ranges of fire scenario design loads, and (3) c

49、ell entries are specified acceptable consequences for the scenario clusters contained in the cells row and columnNote 1 to entry: A fire risk matrix implicitly assumes that the design itself has no influence on the size or intensity of the fire challenging the building, but rather treats the fire scenario as an externally imposed load.3.14fire scenarioqualitative description of the course of a fire with time, identifying key events that characterize the fire and differentiate it from other possible firesNote 1 t