1、raising standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI Standards PublicationBS ISO 16929:2013Plastics Determination ofthe degree of disintegration ofplastic materials under definedcomposting conditions in apilot-scale testBS ISO 16929:2013 BRITISH STANDA
2、RDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO 16929:2013. Itsupersedes BS ISO 16929:2002 which is withdrawn.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee PRI/21, Testing of plastics.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beo
3、btained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. The British Standards Institution 2013. Published by BSI StandardsLimited 2013ISBN 978 0 580 81066 4ICS 83.080.01Compliance wi
4、th a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 April 2013.Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedBS ISO 16929:2013 ISO 2013Plastics Determination of the degre
5、e of disintegration of plastic materials under defined composting conditions in a pilot-scale testPlastiques Dtermination du degr de dsintgration des matriaux plastiques dans des conditions de compostage dfinies lors dun essai chelle piloteINTERNATIONAL STANDARDISO16929Second edition2013-04-01Refere
6、nce numberISO 16929:2013(E)BS ISO 16929:2013ISO 16929:2013(E)ii ISO 2013 All rights reservedCOPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2013All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
7、 including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester.ISO copyright officeCase postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11Fax +
8、41 22 749 09 47E-mail copyrightiso.orgWeb www.iso.orgPublished in SwitzerlandBS ISO 16929:2013ISO 16929:2013(E) ISO 2013 All rights reserved iiiContents PageForeword ivIntroduction v1 Scope . 12 Normative references 13 Terms and definitions . 14 Principle 25 Apparatus . 35.1 Composting environment 3
9、5.2 Apparatus for temperature measurement 35.3 pH-meter 35.4 Apparatus for oxygen measurement 35.5 Sieves . 36 Test procedure 46.1 Actions before and during incubation 46.2 Analysis and process control 67 Calculation 88 Validity of the test 89 Test report . 8Bibliography .10BS ISO 16929:2013ISO 1692
10、9:2013(E)ForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for w
11、hich a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all
12、 matters of electrotechnical standardization.International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are cir
13、culated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held respons
14、ible for identifying any or all such patent rights.ISO 16929 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 61, Plastics, Subcommittee SC 5, Physical-chemical properties.This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 16929:2002), of which it constitutes a minor revision.iv ISO 2013 All
15、rights reservedBS ISO 16929:2013ISO 16929:2013(E)IntroductionThe biological treatment of biodegradable plastic materials includes aerobic composting in well-operated, municipal or industrial biological waste treatment facilities. Determining the degree of disintegration of plastic materials in a pil
16、ot-scale plant is an important step within a test scheme to evaluate the compostability of such materials. ISO 2013 All rights reserved vBS ISO 16929:2013BS ISO 16929:2013Plastics Determination of the degree of disintegration of plastic materials under defined composting conditions in a pilot-scale
17、testWARNING Compost can contain potentially pathogenic organisms. Therefore, appropriate precautions should be taken when handling it.1 ScopeThis International Standard is used to determine the degree of disintegration of plastic materials in a pilot-scale aerobic composting test under defined condi
18、tions. It forms part of an overall scheme for the evaluation of the compostability of plastics as outlined in ISO 17088. The test method laid down in this International Standard can also be used to determine the influence of the test material on the composting process and the quality of the compost
19、obtained. It cannot be used to determine the aerobic biodegradability of a test material. Other methods are available for this (e.g. see ISO 14851, ISO 14852 or ISO 14855-1 and ISO 14855-2.2 Normative referencesThe following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document
20、 and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.ISO 3310-2, Test sieves Technical requirements and testing Part 2: Test sieves of perforated meta
21、l plateISO 5663, Water quality Determination of Kjeldahl nitrogen Method after mineralization with seleniumISO 7150-1, Water quality Determination of ammonium Part 1: Manual spectrometric methodISO 10304-1, Water quality Determination of dissolved anions by liquid chromatography of ions Part 1: Dete
22、rmination of bromide, chloride, fluoride, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate and sulfateISO 10390, Soil quality Determination of pHISO 11465, Soil quality Determination of dry matter and water content on a mass basis Gravimetric method3 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this document, the following
23、terms and definitions apply.3.1biological treatabilitypotential of a material to be aerobically composted or anaerobically biogasified3.2degradationirreversible process leading to a significant change in the structure of a material, typically characterized by a loss of properties (e.g. integrity, mo
24、lecular mass or structure, mechanical strength) and/or by fragmentation, affected by environmental conditions, proceeding over a period of time and comprising one or more stepsINTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 16929:2013(E) ISO 2013 All rights reserved 1BS ISO 16929:2013ISO 16929:2013(E)3.3biodegradationde
25、gradation caused by biological activity especially by enzymatic action leading to a significant change in the chemical structure of a material3.4disintegrationphysical breakdown of a material into very small fragments3.5compostorganic soil conditioner obtained by biodegradation of a mixture principa
26、lly consisting of various vegetable residues, occasionally with other organic material, and having a limited mineral content3.6compostingaerobic process designed to produce compost3.7compostabilityproperty of a material to be biodegraded in a composting processNote 1 to entry: To claim compostabilit
27、y, it shall have been demonstrated that a material can be biodegraded and disintegrated in a composting system (as can be shown by standard test methods) and completes its biodegradation during the end-use of the compost. The compost shall meet the relevant quality criteria. Quality criteria include
28、 low content of regulated metals, no ecotoxicity, no obviously distinguishable residues.3.8maturity of compostassignment of the maturity of a compost based on the measurement of the maximum temperature in a self-heating test using Dewar vesselsNote 1 to entry: It is expressed in terms of the so-call
29、ed “Rottegrad” (see 6.2.3.1).3.9total dry solidsamount of solids obtained by taking a known volume of test material or compost and drying at about 105 C to constant mass3.10volatile solidsamount of solids obtained by subtracting the residues of a known volume of test material or compost after incine
30、ration at about 550 C from the total dry solids content of the same sampleNote 1 to entry: The volatile solids content is an indication of the amount of organic matter present.4 PrincipleThe disintegration test is performed under defined and standardized composting conditions on a pilot-scale level.
31、The test material is mixed with fresh biowaste in a precise concentration and introduced into a defined composting environment. A natural ubiquitous microbial population starts the composting process spontaneously and the temperature increases. The composting mass is regularly turned over and mixed.
32、 Temperature, pH-value, moisture content and gas composition are regularly monitored. They have to fulfil certain requirements to ensure sufficient and appropriate microbial activity. The composting process is continued until a fully stabilized compost is obtained. This is usually the case after 12
33、weeks.The compost is visually observed at regular time intervals to detect any adverse effect of the test material on the composting process. At the end of the test, the maturity of the compost is determined and the mixture of compost and test material is sieved through 2 mm and 10 mm mesh sieves. T
34、he 2 ISO 2013 All rights reservedBS ISO 16929:2013ISO 16929:2013(E)disintegration of the test material is evaluated on the basis of the total dry solids by comparing the fraction of test material retained by the 2 mm sieve and the amount tested. The compost obtained at the end of the composting proc
35、ess may be used for further measurements, such as chemical analyses and ecotoxicity tests.5 Apparatus5.1 Composting environment5.1.1 GeneralThe composting environment may be either a pilot-scale composting bin or nets buried in a pilot-scale composting bin. The volume of each bin shall be high enoug
36、h for natural self-heating to occur. Sufficient and even aeration shall be provided by an appropriate air supply system.NOTE 1 To standardize conditions for the test, the composting trials can be run in bins which are placed in a climatic chamber with a constant chamber temperature or in insulated b
37、ins.NOTE 2 If during the spontaneous thermophilic phase the compost reaches temperatures higher than 65 C, the diversity of microbial species can be reduced. To restore a full array of thermophilic bacteria, the compost can be re-inoculated with mature compost (about 1 % of the total initial biowast
38、e mass) of recent origin (maximum 3 months old).5.1.2 Composting bins5.1.2.1 Volume and materialThe bins shall: have a minimum volume of 35 l; consist of a sturdy, heat-resistant and non-biodegradable material; not affect the composting process or the quality of the compost.5.1.2.2 DrainageThe drain
39、age shall consist of a layer of drains with a thickness of at least 5 cm at the bottom of the bins.5.1.3 Sample netsThe sample nets, if used, shall consist of mesh-like material with a mesh size of 1 mm made of non-degradable plastic which is resistant to temperatures up to 120 C. The minimum volume
40、 shall be 20 l.5.2 Apparatus for temperature measurement5.3 pH-meter5.4 Apparatus for oxygen measurement5.5 SievesUse sieves of suitable shape with screens of 2 mm and 10 mm mesh (as specified for instance in ISO 3310-2). ISO 2013 All rights reserved 3BS ISO 16929:2013ISO 16929:2013(E)6 Test procedu
41、re6.1 Actions before and during incubation6.1.1 Start-up of the test6.1.1.1 Preparation of biowasteAs a carrier matrix, use biowaste, if possible from the input material of a composting plant treating predominantly municipal waste, or, less satisfactorily, biowaste directly from households or grocer
42、y stores for example.NOTE Alternatively, a representative artificial biowaste with, for example, the following ingredients may be used: freshly mixed fruit and vegetable waste; rabbit feed (seeds and extruded dried-vegetable pellets); mature compost; sufficient water to attain a good moisture conten
43、t; a bulking agent (e.g. wood chips or bark).It is important that for all test series a homogeneous biowaste of the same age and origin is used. Reduce the biowaste to particle sizes of maximum 50 mm, for example by shredding or sieving. Depending on the type of waste, add about 10 % to 60 % of bulk
44、ing agent (structurally stable components such as wood chips or bark with a particle size between 10 mm and 50 mm).To ensure a good composting process, the biowaste shall meet the following criteria: the C:N ratio of the fresh biowaste/bulking agent mixture shall be between 20 and 30; the moisture c
45、ontent shall be above 50 % mass fraction, with no free water present; the volatile solids content of the total dry solids shall be above 50 % mass fraction; the pH shall be above 5.Adjust the C:N ratio with urea, if required.6.1.1.2 Preparation of the test materiala) If the purpose of the test is to
46、 measure the degree of disintegration of the test material and to determine the effects on the composting process and the compost quality, use the test material in an identical form (e.g. shape, thickness) as for the intended final use. Reduce large materials in size to 10 cm 10 cm for films and 5 c
47、m 5 cm for other products.NOTE As an option, a colouring agent (e.g. TiO2or Fe2O3) can be added to the test material for easier re-isolation.b) If the (optional) purpose of the test includes production of compost for ecotoxicity tests, use in addition to a) the test material in the form of fine powd
48、er or granules. The fine form is intended to prevent the mixture of biowaste and test material from getting too bulky.It is recommended that the test material be used as a powder with a particle size 60 C (fresh biowaste) Rottegrad II: Tmax50,1 C to 60 C Rottegrad III: Tmax40,1 C to 50 C Rottegrad I
49、V: Tmax30,1 C to 40 C Rottegrad V: Tmax: 30 C (mature compost)For details of the method, see Reference.6 ISO 2013 All rights reserved 7BS ISO 16929:2013ISO 16929:2013(E)Use the results of these analyses to describe the quality of the compost produced. The results may be compared to a known compost of good quality.If required, use the 2 mm fraction.7 CalculationAdd up the mass of the retrieved test material particles of all selected 2 mm fractions (see 6.1.3.2) and compare it to the
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