1、BSI Standards PublicationBS ISO 17183:2016Soil quality Screening soilsfor isopropanol-extractableorganic compounds bydetermining emulsificationindex by light attenuationBS ISO 17183:2016 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO 17183:2016. The UK partici
2、pation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee EH/4, Soil quality.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its co
3、rrect application. The British Standards Institution 2016. Published by BSI Standards Limited 2016ISBN 978 0 580 88030 8 ICS 13.080.10 Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and
4、Strategy Committee on 30 April 2016.Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate T e x t a f f e c t e dBS ISO 17183:2016 ISO 2016Soil quality Screening soils for isopropanol-extractable organic compounds by determining emulsification index by light attenuationQualit du sol Analyse rapide des
5、sols pour les composs organiques extractibles lisopropanol en dterminant lindice dmulsification par lattnuation de la lumireINTERNATIONAL STANDARDISO17183First edition2016-04-01Reference numberISO 17183:2016(E)BS ISO 17183:2016ISO 17183:2016(E)ii ISO 2016 All rights reservedCOPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUM
6、ENT ISO 2016, Published in SwitzerlandAll rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written p
7、ermission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester.ISO copyright officeCh. de Blandonnet 8 CP 401CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, SwitzerlandTel. +41 22 749 01 11Fax +41 22 749 09 47copyrightiso.orgwww.iso.orgBS ISO 17183:2016ISO 1
8、7183:2016(E)Foreword ivIntroduction v1 Scope . 12 Normative references 13 Terms and definitions . 24 Principle 24.1 General . 24.2 Interferences or other surfactants . 25 Reagents 26 Apparatus . 27 Procedure. 37.1 Calibration 37.2 Sample preparation 37.3 Measurement 37.4 Calculation 47.5 Report . 48
9、 Quality assurance (QA) and quality control (QC) . 49 Test report . 4Annex A (informative) Examples of turbidity indexes for various kinds of organic compounds 6Annex B (normative) Schematic procedure of the method and its analytical conditions . 7Annex C (informative) Results on an interlaboratory
10、test for determination of an emulsification index by light attenuation to screen soils for isopropanol-extractable organic compounds . 8Bibliography .11 ISO 2016 All rights reserved iiiContents PageBS ISO 17183:2016ISO 17183:2016(E)ForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is
11、a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represent
12、ed on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.The procedures used to develop t
13、his document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC
14、Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the de
15、velopment of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement.For an explanation on the meaning of IS
16、O specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISOs adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary informationThe committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 190, Soil qua
17、lity, Subcommittee SC 3, Chemical methods and soil characteristics.iv ISO 2016 All rights reservedBS ISO 17183:2016ISO 17183:2016(E)IntroductionLight attenuation due to light scattering/absorption by emulsions can be used to screen for a variety of isopropanol-extractable organic substances such as
18、total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH). This is one of the main organic contaminants of many contaminated land sites.Petroleum hydrocarbons do not typically have many functional groups or contain any hetero-atoms that are easily detected in common analytical procedures. When the non-polar nature of orga
19、nic compounds is targeted, as in this proposed method, turbidity/emulsification is produced by a number of organic compounds including BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes); PNAs (poly-nuclear aromatics); fuels; oils and greases that frequently are found at contaminated land sites.This m
20、ethod can be used for screening soil samples to estimate the total amount of recoverable petroleum hydrocarbon contamination in soil including a wide range of fuels, oils, and greases. The emulsification approach in this method is incorporated to rapidly screen soil samples using a system calibrated
21、 with the organic substance present on the investigated site. If the contaminant is unknown, commercially available diesel oil can be used for calibration. This makes turbidity/emulsification analysis a very versatile analytical method that can be used on most hydrocarbon/non-polar organic substance
22、 spills without prior knowledge of the exact BTEX or PNA content or composition of the contaminant. This method is more sensitive to non-polar heavier organic compounds from jet fuel to oils and greases, but less sensitive to more volatile and lighter hydrocarbon fuels. A turbidity analysis assists
23、the user in recognizing the contamination by non-polar organic compounds at a given site.This International Standard describes the procedure for on-site soil screening of organic compounds using emulsification and light attenuation due to light scattering/absorption analysis. ISO 2016 All rights res
24、erved vBS ISO 17183:2016BS ISO 17183:2016Soil quality Screening soils for isopropanol-extractable organic compounds by determining emulsification index by light attenuation1 ScopeThis International Standard specifies the procedure to screen highly contaminated soils to detect organic compounds extra
25、ctable with isopropanol, including a wide range of fuels, oils, and greases. The method is useful for finding hot spots. It is applicable both in laboratories and for site screening in the field. The working range is approximately 0,01 to 0,3 in absorbance units, corresponding to approximately 500 m
26、g/kg to 10 000 mg/kg of isopropanol-extractable organic compounds in soil.The light attenuation due to light scattering/absorption approach in this method is designed to quickly screen soil samples using calibration with the most appropriate substance(s) likely to be present on a given site to indic
27、ate the concentration levels.This screening technique is applicable for a broad spectrum of organic compounds, mainly hydrocarbons. Organic compounds are a very broadly defined mixture of compounds, which show their own specific emulsification indices (see Annex A) and a gross emulsification index i
28、n a mixture sample, defined primarily by their insolubility in water. The more insoluble the compounds (e.g. non-polar compounds), the higher the response. Hydrocarbons are generally less-reactive and have little polarity. Determination of emulsification indexes uses their non-polar nature to detect
29、 organic compounds including a wide range of hydrocarbons from about C8to about C36.NOTE This method can also be applied to biological substances such as vegetable oils.This method is not applicable for determination of specific organic compounds or groups of compounds that may be part of a larger o
30、rganic compound mixture. As with other screening techniques, it is advisable to confirm a certain percentage of both positive and negative test results, especially when near or above a regulatory action limit or when the presence of background or when interfering organic compounds such as surface ac
31、tive substances are suspected to be present.This method does not address the evaporation of any volatile organic compound mixtures (i.e., gasoline) during sampling, preparation and detection. Although the screening method can be used for the quantitative detection of volatile hydrocarbons, it is not
32、 intended that the method be used for the quantitative determination of volatile petroleum hydrocarbons unless evaporation during sample handling is addressed; the response factor be appropriately corrected, or the method performance be demonstrated on real samples.If emulsifiers or surface active s
33、ubstances (e.g. detergents) are present, significantly negatively-biased or false negative results can be obtained. If there is any evidence for the presence of surfactances in the soil, this method cannot be applied.2 Normative referencesThe following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively
34、 referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.ISO 11074, Soil quality VocabularyINTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 17183:20
35、16(E) ISO 2016 All rights reserved 1BS ISO 17183:2016ISO 17183:2016(E)3 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 11074 and the following apply.3.1emulsification indexratio of the sample measured absorbance value under the conditions of this test
36、compared with that of the single calibration standard4 Principle4.1 GeneralThis emulsification method for detection of organic contaminants in soil consists of three basic steps: extraction: extraction of organic compounds from soil samples with isopropanol; salting-out: decrease the water solubilit
37、y of the extracted organic compounds in the water diluted isopropanol by increasing the ionic strength of this solution adding sodium chloride solution (salting-out effect); detection: measuring the light absorbance at 585 nm of the resulting salting-out solution in a 10 mm path length cell.4.2 Inte
38、rferences or other surfactantsSurface-active agents such as soap and common surfactants adversely affect emulsification or reduce the degree thereof.NOTE Shaking a mixture of 1 g of soil sample and 10 ml of water to look for formation of pronounced foam may be useful to confirm the probability that
39、significant amounts of surface-active agents are present in soil samples.5 Reagents5.1 Isopropanol.5.2 Sodium chloride solution 30 % (m/V).Mix 300 g of water-free NaCl with approximately 500 ml of water and dilute to 1 l.6 Apparatus6.1 Spectrometer, handheld, portable, or laboratory spectrophotomete
40、r working at a wavelength range of (585 10) nm.6.2 Spoon, metal or plastic (10 ml to 20 ml).6.3 Sample tube, suitable glass tube (typically about 15 ml) with a tight-fitting cap for extraction by shaking.6.4 Glass cell, 10 mm path length glass cell for assessing the degree of emulsification via ligh
41、t absorption at 585 nm. Disposable plastic 10 mm path length cells may also be used.2 ISO 2016 All rights reservedBS ISO 17183:2016ISO 17183:2016(E)6.5 Membrane filter, pore size 0,45 m, to remove soil particles from the salting-out extraction solution.Filters made of isopropanol-resistant materials
42、, such as PTFE and cellulose acetate, shall be used. The filter shall be checked for isopropanol resistance at calibration when it is not confirmed.6.6 Balance, portable, with precision of 0,1 g to weigh a soil sample.7 Procedure7.1 CalibrationPrepare a calibration curve using a blank and at least t
43、hree concentrations of the most likely present organic compound in isopropanol. Take 10 ml of the blank and each isopropanol solutions, fill up to 100 ml with water. Then add 1 ml of the sodium chloride solution (5.2) for salting-out. Further follow the procedure given in 7.3 and plot a curve (conce
44、ntration vs. absorbance). Examples are shown in Annex A.If the contaminant is unknown, commercially available diesel oil should be used for calibration.7.2 Sample preparationEnsure that samples are collected from below any vegetative layer of soil. No plants or other organic parts should remain in t
45、he sample matrix.Ensure complete and proper homogenization by hand prior to sample division, if necessary.Free water contained in soil samples will affect the resulting turbidity/emulsification. If the water content exceeds 20 % m/V, it is recommended that the sample is air-dried ( 10 000 mg/kg.The
46、entire procedure and its conditions are schematically summarized in Annex B. ISO 2016 All rights reserved 3BS ISO 17183:2016ISO 17183:2016(E)7.4 CalculationTake the absorbance measured and use the calibration curve (see 7.1) to calculate the amount of organic compounds in the salting-out solution, A
47、OC (in mg/l).The amount of an organic compound in soil, AOS (in mg/kg), is calculated from the AOC by the Formula (1):AOSAOCVMD=10isopropanolsample f(1)whereAOC is the amount of an organic compound in a salting-out solution, in mg/l;Msampleis the mass of soil sample, in g;Visopropanolis the volume o
48、f isopropanol used for extraction, in ml;Dfis the factor of the dilution with the blank salt solution.NOTE 1 When 10 ml or 20 ml of isopropanol is used for extraction, for example, Visopropanolis 10 or 20, respectively.NOTE 2 When no dilution was made, Df= 1.7.5 ReportReport the results in milligram
49、s of organic compound per kilogram soil.AOS shall be rounded off and reported as follows:a) to the nearest 100 mg/kg up to 10 000 mg/kg;b) to the nearest 1 000 mg/kg over 10 000 mg/kg.EXAMPLE (a) 1 520 mg/kg measured is reported as AOS 1 500 mg/kg; (b) 11 650 mg/kg measured is reported as AOS 12 000 mg/kg.8 Quality assurance (QA) and quality control (QC)A program of field QA/QC should include a minimum of periodic sand blanks, equipment blanks, soil spikes, and duplicates. Other procedures should be implemented depending on the s
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