1、BRITISH STANDARDBS ISO 17616:2008Soil quality Guidance on the choice and evaluation of bioassays for ecotoxicological characterization of soils and soil materialsICS 13.080.05g49g50g3g38g50g51g60g44g49g42g3g58g44g55g43g50g56g55g3g37g54g44g3g51g40g53g48g44g54g54g44g50g49g3g40g59g38g40g51g55g3g36g54g3
2、g51g40g53g48g44g55g55g40g39g3g37g60g3g38g50g51g60g53g44g42g43g55g3g47g36g58BS ISO 17616:2008This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 April 2008 BSI 2008ISBN 978 0 580 54123 0National forewordThis British Standard is the UK implement
3、ation of ISO 17616:2008.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee EH/4, Soil quality.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a con
4、tract. Users are responsible for its correct application.Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate CommentsReference numberISO 17616:2008(E)INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO17616First edition2008-03-15Soil quality Gui
5、dance on the choice and evaluation of bioassays for ecotoxicological characterization of soils and soil materials Qualit du sol Lignes directrices pour lvaluation des essais appliqus dans le domaine de la caractrisation cotoxicologique des sols et des matriaux du sol BS ISO 17616:2008ii iiiContents
6、Page Foreword iv Introduction v 1 Scope . 1 2 Normative references . 1 3 Terms and definitions. 2 3.1 Assessment. 2 3.2 Types of soil and other soil materials 3 3.3 Terms relating to soil characteristics. 3 3.4 Land and sites. 4 4 Principles and use of test batteries 4 5 Testing strategy and interpr
7、etation of test results according to the use and re-use of soils, soil materials and soil functions. 5 5.1 Monitoring and control of the success of soil treatments . 5 5.2 Assessment of the ecotoxic potential of soils and soil materials with respect to their intended use 5 Annex A (informative) Test
8、s with soil eluate Expression of results 10 Bibliography . 11 BS ISO 17616:2008iv Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out throug
9、h ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborat
10、es closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standard
11、s. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of thi
12、s document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 17616 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 190, Soil quality, Subcommittee SC 7, Soil and site assessment. BS ISO 17616:2008vIntroduction The characterization of
13、 contaminated soils may be based on strategies considering chemical analysis and/or bioassays. ISO 15799 provides guidance on the selection of experimental methods for the assessment of the ecotoxic potential of soils and soil materials (e.g. excavated and remediated soils, refills, embankments) wit
14、h respect to their intended use, and possible adverse effects on aquatic and soil dwelling organisms. An assessment strategy giving instructions for the choice and evaluation of bioassays, and for the evaluation of the test results including empirically derived critical dilution levels that take int
15、o account the sensitivity of the test system and the intended use/re-use of the site under investigation, is proposed. This approach is based on the results of a research program and intends to contribute to an effective and comparable risk assessment within the ecotoxicological characterization of
16、contaminated soil. The test systems included in this approach are not mandatory and may be replaced or accomplished by other test methods. Nevertheless, the test systems selected have proved to characterize contaminated soils appropriately with respect to their ecotoxic properties towards aquatic an
17、d terrestrial organisms maintaining the essential soil functions. BS ISO 17616:2008blank1Soil quality Guidance on the choice and evaluation of bioassays for ecotoxicological characterization of soils and soil materials 1 Scope This International Standard is one of a series providing guidance on the
18、characterization of soils and soil materials in relation to their retention and habitat function and uses. It should be read in conjunction with the other standards in this series. It provides guidance on the choice and evaluation of tests applied for ecotoxicological characterization of soils and s
19、oil materials. Recommendations for test strategies with respect to the protection of ground and surface waters and the maintenance of the habitat function of soil are included. The tests recommended represent a minimum test battery that may be accomplished by additional tests, or even be replaced by
20、 others, according to the intended uses or protection goals envisaged. The effect values indicated in this International Standard do not refer to regulation, but represent the lowest level at which a response is supposed to result in an adverse effect. 2 Normative references The following referenced
21、 documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 6341, Water quality Determination of the inhibition of the mobility o
22、f Daphnia magna Straus (Cladocera, Crustacea) Acute toxicity test ISO 8692, Water quality Freshwater algal growth inhibition test with unicellular green algae ISO 11074:2005, Soil quality Vocabulary ISO 11267, Soil quality Inhibition of reproduction of Collembola (Folsomia candida) by soil pollutant
23、s ISO 11268-1, Soil quality Effects of pollutants on earthworms (Eisenia fetida) Part 1: Determination of acute toxicity using artificial soil substrate ISO 11268-2, Soil quality Effects of pollutants on earthworms (Eisenia fetida) Part 2: Determination of effects on reproduction ISO 11269-2, Soil q
24、uality Determination of the effects of pollutants on soil flora Part 2: Effects of chemicals on the emergence and growth of higher plants ISO 11348 (all parts), Water quality Determination of the inhibitory effect of water samples on the light emission of Vibrio fischeri (Luminescent bacteria test)
25、ISO 13829, Water quality Determination of the genotoxicity of water and waste water using the umu-test ISO 15176:2002, Soil quality Characterization of excavated soil and other soil materials intended for re-use ISO 15685, Soil quality Determination of potential nitrification and inhibition of nitri
26、fication Rapid test by ammonium oxidation BS ISO 17616:20082 ISO 15799:2003, Soil quality Guidance on the ecotoxicological characterization of soils and soil materials ISO 15952, Soil quality Effects of pollutants on juvenile land snails (Helicidae) Determination of the effects on growth by soil con
27、tamination ISO 16240, Water quality Determination of the genotoxicity of water and waste water Salmonella/microsome test (Ames test) ISO 16387, Soil quality Effects of pollutants on Enchytraeidae (Enchytraeus sp.) Determination of effects on reproduction and survival ISO 17155:1), Soil quality Deter
28、mination of abundance and activity of soil microflora using respiration curves ISO 17402:1), Soil quality Guidance for the selection and application of methods for the assessment of bioavailability in soil and soil materials ISO 20079, Water quality Determination of the toxic effect of water constit
29、uents and waste water on duckweed (Lemna minor) Duckweed growth inhibition test ISO 20665:1), Water quality Determination of chronic toxicity to Ceriodaphnia dubia ISO 20666:1), Water quality Determination of the chronic toxicity to Brachionus calyciflorus in 48 h ISO 20963, Soil quality Effects of
30、pollutants on insect larvae (Oxythyrea funesta) Determination of acute toxicity ISO 22030, Soil quality Biological methods Chronic toxicity in higher plants 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 Assessment 3.1.1 soil-related assessm
31、ent assessment of the ecotoxic potential of soils, soil substrates and soil materials based on chemical analysis, biological tests and field inventories (monitoring) such as that mentioned in the TRIAD approach 9NOTE TRIAD means an assessment approach based on a combination of chemical (i.e. residue
32、 analysis), ecotoxicological (i.e. laboratory tests) and ecological (i.e. monitoring) data. 3.1.2 risk expression of the probability that an adverse effect on soil functions will occur under defined conditions and the magnitude of the consequences of the effect occurring 1) To be published. BS ISO 1
33、7616:200833.1.3 LID-value lowest-ineffective-dilution value lowest value of the dilution factor (LID) for which the test gives an ecotoxicological relevant reduction (e.g. 20 % inhibition of luminescence) EXAMPLE A LID 8 corresponds to a dilution of soil extract of 1:8. NOTE 1 The exact definitions
34、are given in the standard of the respective bioassay. According to ISO 13829 for the umu-test, it is the “DLivalue”. According to ISO 16240, it is the “decisive Dminvalue”. NOTE 2 For further information, see Annex A. 3.2 Types of soil and other soil materials 3.2.1 soil upper layer of the Earths cr
35、ust composed of mineral particles, organic matter, water, air and organisms ISO 11074:2005 3.2.2 soil material material coming from soil and displaced and/or modified by human activity, including excavated soil, dredged materials, manufactured soils, and treated soils and fill materials ISO 17402:1)
36、 3.2.3 topsoil upper part of a natural soil which is generally dark coloured and has a higher organic matter and nutrient content when compared to the subsoil below 3.3 Terms relating to soil characteristics 3.3.1 habitat function ability of soils/soil materials to serve as a habitat for microorgani
37、sms, plants, soil-living animals and their interactions (biocenoses) ISO 15799:2003 3.3.2 retention function ability of soils/soil materials to adsorb pollutants in such a way that they cannot be mobilized via the water pathway and translocated into the food chain ISO 15799:2003 3.3.3 contaminant su
38、bstance or agent present in the soil as a result of human activity cf. pollutant (3.3.4) NOTE There is no assumption in this definition that harm results from the presence of the contaminant. ISO 15176:2002 BS ISO 17616:20084 3.3.4 pollutant substances, which due to their properties, amount or conce
39、ntration cause impacts on the soil function or soil use cf. contaminant (3.3.3) NOTE Adapted from ISO 15176:2002. Also see the introduction to ISO 11074:2005. 3.4 Land and sites 3.4.1 re-use useful and harmless utilization of soil materials ISO 15176:2002 4 Principles and use of test batteries Sensi
40、tivity of animal and plant communities to toxicants may vary significantly from one species to another. Thereby, it is therefore admitted that the results of several ecotoxicity tests can only give a clear view of toxic effects of soil or water samples. This combination of ecotoxicity tests, defined
41、 as a battery, shall include organisms belonging to various trophic levels, several endpoints (acute toxicity, chronic toxicity, genotoxicity) as well as varied functional activities, in order to take into account the variability of species sensitivity within the studied compartment. The ecotoxicity
42、 tests included in batteries should at least have the following characteristics: sensitivity; practicability; standardized protocols; high cost efficiency. These tests should allow the identification of the most sensitive trophic level and give information on toxic effects. The tests should also be
43、representative of the soil ecosystem or at least representative of the selected scenario. According to the scenario (e.g. habitat function, agricultural use of waste), the applied test battery can differ. Evaluation of results from ecotoxicological tests applies for monitoring and control of the suc
44、cess of soil treatment (off-site, on-site, in-situ), assessment of the ecotoxic potential of soils and soil materials (e.g. excavated and remediated soils, refills, embankments) with respect to their intended use and possible adverse effects on aquatic and soil-dwelling organisms, and assessment of
45、mobile and bioavailable potentially harmful substances, in cases where the soil/soil material can affect the ground and surface water and in cases where pollutants are added to soils and may enter the food chain, e.g. agricultural use of wastes (sludge, composts, etc.). BS ISO 17616:200855 Testing s
46、trategy and interpretation of test results according to the use and re-use of soils, soil materials and soil functions 5.1 Monitoring and control of the success of soil treatments For assessing the success of soil treatments, the following procedure may be applied: a) ecotoxicological assessment of
47、the soil sample with a test battery before the treatment (5.2); b) monitoring of the soil treatment with a simple test selected from the battery e.g. the most sensitive and practical (5.1); c) new assessment with the same test battery, in order to judge the success of the treatment (5.2). 5.2 Assess
48、ment of the ecotoxic potential of soils and soil materials with respect to their intended use 5.2.1 General If soils or soil materials are assessed with respect to their intended use or re-use, tests (see ISO 15799) appropriate to assess the soil quality with respect to the retention function (see T
49、able 1) and to the habitat function (see Table 2) should be applied. A strategy for the assessment of the ecotoxicological characterization of soils and soil materials is proposed in Figure 1. A test battery usually includes genotoxicity test(s), acute and chronic toxicity tests. If acute toxicity is detected, it is not necessary to perform other tests. Conclusions, indeed, can be drawn on the results of the acute toxicity test(s). On the other hand, if no acute effect is det
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