1、BSI Standards PublicationBS ISO 18311:2016Soil quality Methodfor testing effects of soilcontaminants on the feedingactivity of soil dwellingorganisms Bait-lamina testBS ISO 18311:2016 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO 18311:2016. The UK participat
2、ion in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee EH/4, Soil quality.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its corre
3、ct application. The British Standards Institution 2016.Published by BSI Standards Limited 2016ISBN 978 0 580 80824 1 ICS 13.080.30 Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Stra
4、tegy Committee on 31 January 2016.Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate T e x t a f f e c t e dBS ISO 18311:2016 ISO 2016Soil quality Method for testing effects of soil contaminants on the feeding activity of soil dwelling organisms Bait-lamina testQualit du sol Mthode pour tester les e
5、ffets des contaminants du sol sur lactivit alimentaire des organismes vivant dans le sol Test Bait-laminaINTERNATIONAL STANDARDISO18311First edition2016-01-15Reference numberISO 18311:2016(E)BS ISO 18311:2016ISO 18311:2016(E)ii ISO 2016 All rights reservedCOPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2016, Publi
6、shed in SwitzerlandAll rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permissi
7、on can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester.ISO copyright officeCh. de Blandonnet 8 CP 401CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, SwitzerlandTel. +41 22 749 01 11Fax +41 22 749 09 47copyrightiso.orgwww.iso.orgBS ISO 18311:2016ISO 18311:2016(E)Forewor
8、d ivIntroduction v1 Scope . 12 Normative references 13 Terms and definitions . 14 Principle 25 Reagents and material 35.1 Bait material 35.2 Reagents 36 Apparatus (equipment). 37 Procedure. 37.1 General . 37.2 Preparation of the bait-lamina strips 47.3 Experimental design and test performance . 57.4
9、 Examination of the bait-lamina strips 78 Expression of results 89 Validity of the test 810 Statistical analysis . 811 Test report . 8Annex A (informative) Use of the bait-lamina method for monitoring the biological quality of soils .10Annex B (informative) Examples are taken from one study performe
10、d in the Brazilian Amazon forest in which the removal of the litter layer was used as stressor30.11Bibliography .14 ISO 2016 All rights reserved iiiContents PageBS ISO 18311:2016ISO 18311:2016(E)ForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national st
11、andards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International o
12、rganizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for i
13、ts further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/d
14、irectives).Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in
15、the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement.For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions rela
16、ted to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISOs adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see the following URL: Foreword Supplementary information .The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 190, Soil quality, Subcommittee SC 4, Biological
17、methods.iv ISO 2016 All rights reservedBS ISO 18311:2016ISO 18311:2016(E)IntroductionEcotoxicological test systems are applied to obtain information about the effects of contaminants in soil and are proposed to complement conventional chemical analysis 38. In addition to laboratory tests with indivi
18、dual species from important organism groups (e.g. earthworms, enchytraeids, or collembolans), functional tests can be used to assess the activity of the whole soil organism community in situ in the field and, thus, the habitat function of soil. They are potentially useful for the evaluation of the e
19、ffects of chemicals on the soil 111122628, as well as for the long-term monitoring of the biological quality of soils (see Annex A)161834. Data for these purposes are gained by standardised methods since they can form the basis for far-reaching decisions (e.g. whether a given site should be remediat
20、ed or not). In fact, the lack of such standardised methods is one of the most important reasons why functional methods have been so far relatively rarely used for the assessment of contaminated soils or for soil monitoring purposes.The bait-lamina test is an approach which is used to measure the fee
21、ding activity of soil organisms in situ 233536.The important advantage of the bait-lamina method is its simplicity. Minimal training, special skill, or equipment is necessary. In contrast to the measurement of other functional parameters, like organic matter breakdown determined in a litterbag test
22、222527, the bait-lamina method does not disturb the soil substrate, needs only short exposure periods (few days up to few weeks), and is rapidly evaluated.In temperate regions, the applicability and usefulness of the bait-lamina test for the comparison and assessment of the influence of land use or
23、chemicals on the feeding activity of soil communities has been demonstrated several times 2142831. In addition, bait-lamina tests have also been applied in the tropics 131530.In addition to measures such as microbial respiration or litter decomposition, feeding activity is one of several functional
24、parameters applicable for the assessment of the biological status of soils 713. Recently, the bait-lamina test was used successfully in several case studies at which an environmental risk assessment for polluted soils was performed 821. As a result of these works, the bait-lamina test was included i
25、nto the tool box for site-specific risk assessment e.g. the TRIAD approach (see ISO 19204). In fact, it became part of the recommended battery of tests for the ecological risk assessment of soils in Great Britain 9. In addition, in the context of a European soil monitoring programme, the method was
26、recommended for this purpose as well by the members of an EU Working Group 4. ISO 2016 All rights reserved vBS ISO 18311:2016BS ISO 18311:2016Soil quality Method for testing effects of soil contaminants on the feeding activity of soil dwelling organisms Bait-lamina test1 ScopeThis International Stan
27、dard specifies a technique for determining the effects of anthropogenic impacts (e.g. substances) in the context of the prevailing environmental conditions on the feeding activity of soil organisms in the field. In addition, the use of this method for monitoring the biological quality of soil is des
28、cribed (see Annex A). The breakdown of organic matter by soil invertebrates and microorganisms is a crucial process that determines important soil functions such as nutrient availability for plants and the maintenance of soil fertility. In addition, decomposing plant litter provides habitats and foo
29、d for a wide range of organisms, thus supporting biodiversity and ecosystem services 3334.This International Standard is applicable to all soils in which soil organisms are active. The use of the bait-lamina test is independent from whether there is a litter layer or not. The sampling design of fiel
30、d studies in general is specified in ISO 23611-6 (see also Reference 20). The design can vary according to the aim of the study as well as conditions (e.g. soil properties, contamination, etc.) of the site to be investigated.This International Standard is not applicable for semi-terrestrial or very
31、shallow soils. It can be difficult to use it under extreme climatic or geographical conditions (e.g. in high mountains).2 Normative referencesThe following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, onl
32、y the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.ISO 11074, Soil quality VocabularyISO 23611-6, Soil quality Sampling of soil invertebrates Part 6: Guidance for the design of sampling programmes with soil invertebra
33、tes3 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 23611-6, ISO 11074, and the following apply.3.1exposure timeperiod in which the bait-lamina strips are exposed in the field, usually in the mineral soil (3.2)EXAMPLE In temperate zones: 10 d to 20 d;
34、in tropical areas: 4 d to 8 d.3.2soiltopsoil with or without a litter layer (3.3)INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 18311:2016(E) ISO 2016 All rights reserved 1BS ISO 18311:2016ISO 18311:2016(E)3.3litter layerlayer of mainly dead plant organic material present on the surface of the topsoil, which is compose
35、d of debris in different stages of decompositionNote 1 to entry: Examples are leaves in orchards or forests or “turf” derived from permanent grass grown in meadows 5.3.4contaminantsubstance or agent present in the soil (3.2) as a result of human activity3.5contaminated sitesite with areas of high co
36、ncentrations of substances hazardous to soil (3.2) and soil functions (3.7)Note 1 to entry: In many countries, contaminated sites are registered publicly as a consequence of a specific legislation.3.6soil water contentmass of water evaporating from the soil (3.2) when dried to constant mass at 105 C
37、 divided by the dry mass of the soil and multiplied by 1003.7soil functionsdescription of the significance of soils (3.2) to man and the environmentNote 1 to entry: Important soil functions in the context of this International Standard include the following: control of substance and energy cycles as
38、 compartment of ecosystems; basis for the life of plants, animals, and man.3.8biodiversityvariability among living organisms from all sources, and the ecological complexes of which they are partNote 1 to entry: This includes diversity within species, between species, and of ecosystems.3.9ecosystem s
39、ervicesbenefits that humans recognise as obtained from ecosystems that support, directly or indirectly, their survival and quality of lifeNote 1 to entry: These include provisioning, regulating, and cultural services that directly benefit people and the supporting services needed to maintain the dir
40、ect services.4 PrincipleIn this functional test, the feeding activity of soil animals is measured. The term “bait lamina” refers to small perforated plastic strips that are inserted into the soil. An artificial mixture or natural organic material (= bait) is exposed to soil organisms (e.g. earthworm
41、s, Collembola, Diplopoda, Enchytraeidae) in the apertures of the strip. In principle, the loss of the bait material is assessed by counting the empty apertures of the bait-lamina strips after a certain exposure time. The number of empty apertures (i.e. areas from which the bait material has been rem
42、oved) as well as their vertical distribution along the strip are evaluated, and it is assumed that this reflects the feeding activity of soil animals.2 ISO 2016 All rights reservedBS ISO 18311:2016ISO 18311:2016(E)5 Reagents and material5.1 Bait materialOrganic material used as bait for soil organis
43、ms, e.g. a mixture of cellulose powder (70 %, preferably of nutrient quality), finely ground wheat bran (25 %), and activated carbon powder (5 %).5.2 Reagents5.2.1 Hydrochloric acid (10 %), for cleaning of bait-lamina strips at contaminated sites (see 7.2).6 Apparatus (equipment)6.1 Bait-lamina stri
44、psPlastic strips (PVC, of grey colour) of 120 mm 6 mm 1 mm, which have a pointed tip at the lower end. In the lower part (85 mm) of each strip 16 bi-conical apertures of 1,5 mm diameter are drilled, which are 5 mm apart from each other (see also Figure 1). The apertures should be numbered, starting
45、with number 1 (soil depth = 0,5 cm) and ending with number 16 (soil depth = 8,0 cm).Bait-lamina strips are commercially available, either with bait-filled or with empty apertures.6.2 Sharp toolTool formed like a thin screw-driver, long nail file or a barbecue skewer which is used to drill a small sl
46、it into the soil in which the individual bait-lamina strips is inserted when the soil is too dry or compact.7 Procedure7.1 GeneralWhen testing the effects of soil contaminants on the feeding activity of soil dwelling organisms, usually the bait strips are exposed at the potentially contaminated site
47、s as well as at a reference site. The latter is defined as a site which in terms of soil properties, land use, or climatic conditions does not differ from the site to be assessed, except that it is not contaminated.NOTE The use of the bait-lamina test for monitoring the biological status of soils is
48、 described in Annex A.The test should be performed at times of the year where soil organisms are active (i.e. when unfavourable environmental conditions such as low soil water content and/or extremely high temperatures do not drive them into diapause). In detail, a soil temperature of 5 C to 15 C is
49、 recommended 8. The soil water content should be sufficient for invertebrate activity (i.e. 20 %). Environmental conditions such as climate or soil water content are expected to strongly influence the results 24, therefore the method should preferably be applied for comparing the biological activity between closely situated plots (e.g. contaminated sites versus reference areas). When performing this test in the field, the site should be characterized (e.g. c
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