BS ISO 18400-201-2017 Soil quality Sampling Physical pretreatment in the field《土壤质量 取样 现场物理预处理》.pdf

1、BS ISO 18400-201:2017Soil quality SamplingPart 201: Physical pretreatment in the fieldBSI Standards PublicationWB11885_BSI_StandardCovs_2013_AW.indd 1 15/05/2013 15:06BS ISO 18400-201:2017 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO18400-201:2017.BS ISO 184

2、00-201:2017 is intended to be used in conjunction withBS 10175:2011+A1:2013 and other members of the BS ISO seriesof standards as appropriate. Where there are differences in theguidance given in this standard and that in BS 10175:2011+A1:2013,the guidance in this standard takes precedence. The UK co

3、mmitteenotes that this standard covers a wide variety of situations in whichinvestigations including sampling to determine soil quality might becarried out rather than being focused on potentially contaminatedsites, as is the case in BS 10175:2011+A1:2013.The UK participation in its preparation was

4、entrusted to TechnicalCommittee EH/4, Soil quality.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. The British St

5、andards Institution 2017. Published by BSI StandardsLimited 2017ISBN 978 0 580 80936 1ICS 13.080.05Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 March 2017.Am

6、endments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate Text affectedBS ISO 18400-201:2017 ISO 2017Soil quality Sampling Part 201: Physical pretreatment in the fieldQualit du sol chantillonnage Partie 201: Prtraitement physique sur le terrainINTERNATIONAL STANDARDISO18400-201First edition2017-01Reference n

7、umberISO 18400-201:2017(E)BS ISO 18400-201:2017ISO 18400-201:2017(E)ii ISO 2017 All rights reservedCOPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2017, Published in SwitzerlandAll rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any

8、 means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester.ISO copyright officeCh. de Blandonnet 8 CP 401CH

9、-1214 Vernier, Geneva, SwitzerlandTel. +41 22 749 01 11Fax +41 22 749 09 47copyrightiso.orgwww.iso.orgBS ISO 18400-201:2017ISO 18400-201:2017(E)Foreword ivIntroduction v1 Scope . 12 Normative references 13 Terms and definitions . 24 Preliminary considerations 35 Incorporation in the sampling plan 56

10、 General requirements . 57 Safety 68 Homogenization 79 Subsampling 79.1 General . 79.2 Equipment for subsampling 79.3 Minimum size of the subsample 89.4 Procedure for macro-aggregate reduction by hand 99.5 Subsampling methods 99.5.1 General 99.5.2 Long pile and alternate shovel method .109.5.3 Conin

11、g and quartering .119.5.4 Riffling 129.5.5 Application of Tyler divider 129.5.6 Application of mechanized turntable (rotating divider) 139.6 Selective subsampling based on the particle size 139.6.1 General. 139.6.2 Sieving 149.6.3 Hand picking .1410 Forming composite samples 1510.1 General 1510.2 Mi

12、nimum size of increments or subsamples . 1610.3 Production of composite samples . 1610.3.1 Composite sample based on incremental sampling .1610.3.2 Composite sample based on parts of individual samples 1611 Packaging and storage .1612 Reporting .16Annex A (informative) Illustrations of apparatus 18B

13、ibliography .21 ISO 2017 All rights reserved iiiContents PageBS ISO 18400-201:2017ISO 18400-201:2017(E)ForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normall

14、y carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the

15、work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the di

16、fferent approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this docume

17、nt may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .or

18、g/ patents).Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement.For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISOs adherence to the World

19、 Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: www .iso .org/ iso/ foreword .htmlThis document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 190, Soil Quality, Subcommittee SC 2, Sampling.A list of all parts in the ISO 18400 series can be found on t

20、he ISO website.iv ISO 2017 All rights reservedBS ISO 18400-201:2017ISO 18400-201:2017(E)IntroductionPretreatment of samples is usually required before they are tested to determine chemical or other properties, although there are some situations when any pretreatment would be unacceptable because it

21、would affect the results.Sample pretreatment is to preferably take place in the laboratory, as sample integrity can be best controlled under laboratory conditions. However, under some circumstances, pretreatment may be started in the field directly after sampling, to obtain a representative laborato

22、ry sample from the material extracted from the ground, or to prepare a composite laboratory sample.The representativeness of a sample depends on factors like sample size, particle size, particle shape, contaminant type and concentration, consistence of soil materials and sampling strategy (see ISO 1

23、8400-1041).When volatiles are present, the procedures described in ISO 22155 are to be used as appropriate if possible. No further pretreatment is allowed. Other specified pretreatment methods will result in a significant loss of volatiles.Pretreatment comprises one or a combination of the following

24、: homogenization; sample division: obtaining subsamples of smaller size than the original sample without reducing the particle size of the individual particles; particle size reduction: grinding and crushing the sample in order to reduce the particle size of the sample without reducing the sample si

25、ze (mass); separation of fractions on the basis of particle sizes (sieving or screening) if only a separate size fraction of soil is of interest for investigation or on the basis of the physical nature of the materials (e.g. appearance); preparation of composite sample(s).Several cycles of a number

26、of these activities could be required to derive the test sample (e.g. analytical sample) from the material extracted from the ground. Except as noted above when pretreatment would affect the results of subsequent testing or analysis, subsampling is normally required in the laboratory because the amo

27、unt of material in the laboratory sample (i.e. that sent from the field to the laboratory) is almost always larger than the amount of material necessary for the test or analysis.There might be occasions when it is considered desirable to combine soil material in the field from, for example different

28、 locations into a composite sample. A suitable procedure for doing this is described in this document.For reasons explained in Clause 4, only some of the pretreatment measures listed above can be carried out in the field.This document is part of a series of sampling standards for soil. The role/posi

29、tion of the International Standards within the total investigation programme is shown in Figure 1.NOTE This document is intended to complement ISO 23909 and ISO 22155.1) Under preparation. ISO 2017 All rights reserved vBS ISO 18400-201:2017ISO 18400-201:2017(E)Figure 1 Links between the essential el

30、ements of an investigation programmeNOTE 1 Numbers in circles define the key elements and steps of the investigation programme.NOTE 2 Figure 1 displays a generic process which can be amended when necessary.vi ISO 2017 All rights reservedBS ISO 18400-201:2017INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 18400-201:2017(

31、E)Soil quality Sampling Part 201: Physical pretreatment in the field1 ScopeThis document specifies methods for the pretreatment of samples that can be applied “in the field” directly after sampling. Pretreatment methods in this document are limited to: sample division methods aimed at reducing the s

32、ize/volume of the sample; the production of composite samples; the selection of a specific fraction of the sampled material.This document does not apply to samples required for biological or microbiological examination, does not apply to soil materials sampled for the content of volatile components,

33、 andNOTE 1 These soil materials are intended to be sampled according to ISO 22155. does not give instructions for particle size reduction.NOTE 2 Guidance for particle size reduction is given in ISO 11464, ISO 14507 and ISO 23909.2 Normative referencesThe following documents are referred to in the te

34、xt in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.ISO 565, Test sieves Metal wire cloth, perforat

35、ed metal plate and electroformed sheet Nominal sizes of openingsISO 11074, Soil quality VocabularyISO 18400-101:2017, Soil quality Sampling Framework for the preparation and application of a sampling planISO 18400-1042), Soil quality Sampling StrategiesISO 18400-105, Soil quality Sampling Packaging,

36、 transport, storage and preservation of samplesISO 18400-107, Soil quality Sampling Recording and reportingISO 22155, Soil quality Gas chromatographic determination of volatile aromatic and halogenated hydrocarbons and selected ethers Static headspace methodDIN 19747, Investigation of solids Pre-tre

37、atment, preparation and processing of samples for chemical, biological and physical investigations2) Under preparation. Stage at the time of publication: ISO/DIS 18400-104:2016. ISO 2017 All rights reserved 1BS ISO 18400-201:2017ISO 18400-201:2017(E)3 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this do

38、cument, the terms and definitions given in ISO 11074 apply.ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses: IEC Electropedia: available at h t t p :/ www .electropedia .org/ ISO Online browsing platform: available at h t t p :/ www .iso .org/ obp3.

39、1analytical sampleportion of material, resulting from the original sample or composite sample by means of an appropriate method of sample pretreatment and having the size (volume/mass) necessary for the desired testing or analysisSOURCE: ISO 11074:2015, 4.1.33.2laboratory samplesample intended for l

40、aboratory inspection or testingNote 1 to entry: When the laboratory sample is further prepared (reduced) by subdividing, mixing, grinding, or by combinations of these operations, the result is the test sample. When no preparation of the laboratory sample is required, the laboratory sample is the tes

41、t sample. A test portion is removed from the test sample for the performance of the test or for analysis.Note 2 to entry: The laboratory sample is the final sample from the point of view of sample collection but it is the initial sample from the point of view of the laboratory.Note 3 to entry: Sever

42、al laboratory samples can be prepared and sent to different laboratories or to the same laboratory for different purposes.SOURCE: ISO 11074:2015, 4.3.73.3sample division(bulk material) activity in sample preparation whereby a sample of bulk material is divided by such means as riffling, mechanical d

43、ivision, or quartering into separate parts, one or more of which is retainedSOURCE: ISO 3534-2:2006, 5.3.83.4subsampleselected part of a sampleNote 1 to entry: The subsample can be selected by the same method as was used in selecting the original sample, but need not be so.SOURCE: ISO 3534-2:2006, 1

44、.2.193.5selective subsamplingseparation of part of a sample on the basis of grading (i.e. above or below a defined particle size), appearance or some other attribute2 ISO 2017 All rights reservedBS ISO 18400-201:2017ISO 18400-201:2017(E)3.6volatile organic compoundVOCorganic compound that is a gas u

45、nder normal environmental/atmospheric conditions, although it can be found in the ground in the solid, liquid and dissolved phase form as well as in the gaseous phaseNote 1 to entry: The US Environmental Protection Agency uses a variety of definitions for VOCs in different contexts but the one most

46、appropriate here is “an organic compound which has a boiling point below that of water and which can easily vaporize or volatilize”.Note 2 to entry: Examples include single-ring aromatic hydrocarbons and other low boiling halogenated hydrocarbons, which are used as solvents or fuels, and some degrad

47、ation products.4 Preliminary considerationsThe intention when sampling in the field is almost always to obtain a sufficiently representative sample of the desired size that can be placed directly in a container for transport to the laboratory. However, under some circumstances, as described in this

48、document, some pretreatment can be done in the field to reduce the size of a large field sample to a more manageable size for sending to the laboratory or to select a particular fraction to form the laboratory sample.The direct selection of the material to form the laboratory sample from the materia

49、l extracted from the ground when this forms an integral part of the sampling process is described in ISO 18400-102 on the selection and application of sampling techniques.When the laboratory sample is received, pretreatment is usually required before testing to determine chemical or other properties, although there are some situations when any pretreatment would be unacceptable because it would affect the results (e.g. when volatile organic compounds are present). Pretreatment is normally re