BS ISO 18589-1-2008 Measurement of radioactivity in the environment - Soil - General guidelines and definitions《环境中辐射性的测量 土壤 一般指南和定义》.pdf

1、BS ISO18589-1:2005ICS 13.080.01; 17.240NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBRITISH STANDARDMeasurement ofradioactivity in theenvironment SoilPart 1: General guidelines anddefinitionsThis British Standardwas published under theauthority of the StandardsPolicy and Str

2、ategyCommittee on 31 July 2008 BSI 2008ISBN 978 0 580 63501 4Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate CommentsBS ISO 18589-1:2005National forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO 18589-1:2005.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee N

3、CE/2, Radiation protection and measurement.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained onrequest to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisionsof a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application.Compliance with a Brit

4、ish Standard cannot confer immunityfrom legal obligations.BS ISO 18589-1:2005Reference numberISO 18589-1:2005(E)ISO 2005INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO18589-1First edition2005-05-15Measurement of radioactivity in the environment Soil Part 1: General guidelines and definitions Mesurage de la radioactivit

5、dans lenvironnement Sol Partie 1: Lignes directrices gnrales et dfinitions BS ISO 18589-1:2005ISO 18589-1:2005(E) PDF disclaimer This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobes licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but shall not be edited unless the typefaces w

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10、d ii ISO 2005 All rights reservedBS ISO 18589-1:2005ISO 18589-1:2005(E) ISO 2005 All rights reserved iiiContents Page Foreword iv Introduction v 1 Scope 1 2 Normative references . 2 3 Terms and definitions. 2 3.1 General terms 2 3.2 Terms relating to soils 2 3.3 Terms relating to sampling 3 4 Symbol

11、s . 5 5 Origins of the radioactivity in soils . 5 5.1 Natural radioactivity 5 5.2 Other sources of radioactivity in soils 6 6 Objectives of the study of soil radioactivity. 6 7 Principles and requirements of the study of soil radioactivity 7 7.1 Planning process Sampling strategy and plan . 8 7.2 Sa

12、mpling process . 9 7.3 Laboratory process. 9 7.4 General procedural requirements . 11 7.5 Documentation 11 Bibliography . 12 BS ISO 18589-1:2005ISO 18589-1:2005(E) iv ISO 2005 All rights reservedForeword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national s

13、tandards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International

14、organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules gi

15、ven in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least

16、 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 18589-1 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 85,

17、 Nuclear energy, Subcommittee SC 2, Radiation protection. ISO 18589 consists of the following parts, under the general title Measurement of radioactivity in the environment Soil: Part 1: General guidelines and definitions The following parts are under preparation: Part 2: Sampling strategy, sampling

18、, and pre-treatment of samples Part 3: Measurements of gamma emitting radionuclides Part 4: Measurement of plutonium by alpha spectroscopy Part 5: Measurements of strontium 90 Part 6: Measurements of gross alpha and gross beta activities BS ISO 18589-1:2005ISO 18589-1:2005(E) ISO 2005 All rights res

19、erved vIntroduction This document was prepared following discussions during meetings of WG 17 in Tokyo 2000-05-8/10, Recife 2001-09-17/19, Paris 2002-01-15/16, Paris 2002-03-26/27, Ringhals 2002-05-27/29, Paris 2002-10-14/15, Paris 2003-03-03/04, Paris 2003-06-16/17 and Paris 2003-12-08/09. This par

20、t of ISO 18589 has been prepared simultaneously with five other parts concerning the measurements of radioactivity in the soil environment, and is complementary to the latter documents. ISO 18589 Parts 1 to 6 are addressed to those responsible for determining the radioactivity present in soils. This

21、 International Standard is published in several parts to be used jointly or separately according to needs. Parts 1 and 2 are general in nature. Parts 3 to 5 deal with nuclide-specific measurements, Part 6 with non-specific measurements of gross alpha or gross beta activities. Further parts may be ad

22、ded to this International Standard in the future if the standardization of measurements of other radionuclides becomes necessary. BS ISO 18589-1:2005BS ISO 18589-1:2005INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 18589-1:2005(E) ISO 2005 All rights reserved 1Measurement of radioactivity in the environment Soil Part 1

23、: General guidelines and definitions 1 Scope This part of ISO 18589 specifies the general requirements to carry out radionuclides tests on soil sample, including sampling. This part of ISO 18589 is addressed to people responsible for determining the radioactivity present in soils for the purpose of

24、radiation protection. This may concern soils from gardens and farmland, urban or industrial sites, as well as soil not affected by human activities. This part of ISO 18589 is applicable to all laboratories regardless of the number of personnel or the extent of the scope of testing activities. When a

25、 laboratory does not undertake one or more of the activities covered by this part of ISO 18589, such as planning, sampling or testing, the requirements of those clauses do not apply. This part of ISO 18589 is to be used in conjunction with other parts of ISO 18589 that outline the setting up of prog

26、rammes and sampling techniques, methods of general processing of samples in the laboratory and also methods for measuring the radioactivity in soil. Its purpose is the following: define the main terms relating to soils, sampling, radioactivity and its measurement; describe the origins of the radioac

27、tivity in soils; define the main objectives of the study of radioactivity in soil samples; present the principles of studies of soil radioactivity; identify the analytical and procedural requirements when measuring radioactivity in soil. This part of ISO 18589 is applicable if radionuclide measureme

28、nts for the purpose of radiation protection are to be made in the following cases: initial characterization of radioactivity in the environment; routine surveillance of the impact of nuclear installations or of the evolution of the general territory; investigations of accident and incident situation

29、s; planning and surveillance of remedial action; decommissioning of installations or clearance of materials. This part of ISO 18589 is not intended to cover scientific investigations of soil radioactivity and therefore does not apply to aspects of such measurements. BS ISO 18589-1:2005ISO 18589-1:20

30、05(E) 2 ISO 2005 All rights reserved2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments)

31、 applies. ISO 11074-1:1996, Soil quality Vocabulary Part 1: Terms and definitions relating to the protection and pollution of the soil ISO 11074-2:1998, Soil quality Vocabulary Part 2: Terms and definitions relating to sampling ISO 10381-1:2002, Soil quality Sampling Part 1: Guidance on the design o

32、f sampling programmes ISO 10381-2:2002, Soil quality Sampling Part 2: Guidance on sampling techniques ISO 10381-3:2001, Soil quality Sampling Part 3: Guidance on safety ISO 11464, Soil Quality Pretreatment of samples for physico-chemical analyses ISO/IEC 17025, General requirements for the competenc

33、e of testing and calibration laboratories GUM:1995, Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement, first edition BIPM/IEC/IFCC/ ISO/IUPAC/IUPAP/OIML 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of all parts of ISO 18589, the terms and definitions given in ISO 11074 and the following apply. 3.1 G

34、eneral terms 3.1.1 routine surveillance surveillance carried out periodically and designed to observe the potential changes of the soils radioactive characteristics 3.1.2 analysis for characterization set of observations that contribute, at a given time, to the characterization of the radioactive pr

35、operties of a soil sample with a view to use them later as reference data NOTE The test report may include other data characterizing the site studied. 3.1.3 vertical distribution of the radioactivity determination of the radioactivity in the layers of soil sampled at different depths which describe

36、the vertical profile of the distribution by a radionuclide or a group of radionuclides 3.2 Terms relating to soils 3.2.1 soil upper layer of the Earths crust composed of mineral particles, organic matter, water, air and living organisms 3.2.2 herbaceous cover lower stratum of vegetation made up esse

37、ntially of various herbaceous species found for example in meadows, lawns or fallow fields BS ISO 18589-1:2005ISO 18589-1:2005(E) ISO 2005 All rights reserved 33.2.3 soil horizon basic layer of soil, which is more or less parallel to the surface and is homogeneous in appearance for most morphologica

38、l characteristics (colour, texture, structure, etc.) NOTE The succession of soil horizons makes up a soil profile and allows, on the basis of certain analytical criteria, the morphogenetic nature of the soil to be defined. 3.3 Terms relating to sampling The following definitions are adaptations of t

39、he definitions taken from ISO 11074 and ISO 10381. 3.3.1 sample portion of material selected from a larger quantity of material, collected and taken away for testing 3.3.2 sampling defined procedure whereby a part of the soil is taken for testing NOTE 1 In certain cases, the sample might not be repr

40、esentative but is determined by availability. NOTE 2 Sampling procedures shall describe all the processes necessary to provide the laboratory with the samples required to reach the objectives of the study of the soil radioactivity. This will include the selection, sampling plan, withdrawal and prepa

41、ration of the samples from the soil. 3.3.3 sampling strategy set of technical principles that aim to resolve, depending on the objectives and site considered, the two main issues which are the sampling density and the spatial distribution of the sampling areas NOTE The sampling strategy provides the

42、 set of technical options that will be required in the sampling plan. 3.3.4 sampling area area from which the different samples are collected NOTE A site can be divided into several sampling areas. 3.3.5 sampling plan precise protocol that, depending on the application of the principles of the strat

43、egy adopted, defines the spatial and temporal dimensions of sampling, the frequency, the sample number, the quantities sampled, etc., and the human resources to be used for the sampling operation 3.3.6 random sampling collecting samples at random in space and time from the sampling area 3.3.7 system

44、atic sampling collecting samples by some systematic method in space and time from the sampling area 3.3.8 random systematic sampling collecting samples at random from each sampling unit from a set of systematically defined sampling units BS ISO 18589-1:2005ISO 18589-1:2005(E) 4 ISO 2005 All rights r

45、eserved3.3.9 sampling unit section of the sampling area whose limits can be physical or hypothetical NOTE Sampling units are obtained by dividing the sampling area into grid box units according to the sampling pattern. 3.3.10 sampling pattern system of sampling locations based on the results of stat

46、istical procedures NOTE This leads to a set of predetermined sampling points designed to monitor one or more specified sites. The sampling area is divided into several sampling units or basic grid box units, which are usually square or rectangular (but circular or linear grid boxes are not excluded

47、depending upon the characteristics of the pollution source). 3.3.11 increment portion of material collected in a single operation using a sampling device NOTE Increments can be grouped to form a composite sample. 3.3.12 sub-sample sample in which the material of interest is randomly distributed in p

48、arts of equal or unequal size 3.3.13 single sample representative quantity of the material, presumed to be homogeneous, taken from a sampling unit, kept and treated separately from the other samples 3.3.14 composite sample two or more increments mixed together in appropriate proportions, either disc

49、retely or continuously (blended composite sample), from which the average value representative of a desired characteristic may be obtained 3.3.15 sorted sample single sample or composite sample taken from the same sampling unit, obtained after the elimination of coarse elements that are larger than 2 cm and before drying 3.3.16 laboratory sample sorted sample intended for laboratory inspection or testing NOTE 1 When the laboratory sample is further prepared (reduced) by subd