1、BS ISO18901:2010ICS 37.040.20NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBRITISH STANDARDImaging materials Processed silver-gelatin-type black-and-white films Specifications forstabilityThis British Standardwas published under theauthority of the StandardsPolicy and Strateg
2、yCommittee on 30 June2010 BSI 2010ISBN 978 0 580 66909 5Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate CommentsBS ISO 18901:2010National forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO 18901:2010. Itsupersedes BS ISO 18901:2002 which is withdrawn.The UK participation in its prepara
3、tion was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee CPW/42, Photography.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained onrequest to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisionsof a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application.Comp
4、liance with a British Standard cannot confer immunityfrom legal obligations.BS ISO 18901:2010Reference numberISO 18901:2010(E)ISO 2010INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO18901Second edition2010-05-01Imaging materials Processed silver-gelatin-type black-and-white films Specifications for stability Matriaux pou
5、r limage Films noir et blanc de type glatino-argentique traits Spcifications relatives la stabilit BS ISO 18901:2010ISO 18901:2010(E) PDF disclaimer This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobes licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but shall not be edited un
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8、In the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below. COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2010 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means
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10、htiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ii ISO 2010 All rights reservedBS ISO 18901:2010ISO 18901:2010(E) ISO 2010 All rights reserved iiiContents Page Foreword iv Introduction.v 1 Scope1 2 Normative references1 3 Terms and definitions .2 4 Film base requirements 3 5 Processed film requir
11、ements .3 5.1 Storage conditions 3 5.2 Safety film.3 5.3 Amount of free acid.3 5.4 Tensile properties and loss in tensile properties 3 6 Requirements for the emulsion and backing layers of processed film.4 6.1 Layer adhesion 4 6.2 Emulsion flow 4 6.3 Blocking4 6.4 Thiosulfate concentration.4 6.5 Res
12、idual silver compounds5 7 Image-stability requirements .5 7.1 General .5 7.2 Radiographic films 5 7.3 Microfilms.6 7.4 Other films6 8 Test methods .6 8.1 Identification of film base .6 8.2 Accelerated-ageing conditions 6 8.3 Determination of the amount of free acid .7 8.4 Tensile property test for p
13、rocessed film.8 8.5 Tape-stripping adhesion test .8 8.6 Humidity-cycling adhesion test .9 8.7 Emulsion-flow test.10 8.8 Blocking test 10 8.9 Residual silver compound test 11 8.10 Image-stability test 11 Annex A (informative) Washing and the effect of residual thiosulfate on the developed silver imag
14、e 13 Annex B (informative) Effect of residual silver compounds on the developed silver image14 Annex C (informative) Accelerated image-stability test for radiographic films .15 Annex D (informative) Accelerated image-stability test for microfilms.17 Annex E (informative) Accelerated image-stability
15、test for aerial films 19 Bibliography21 BS ISO 18901:2010ISO 18901:2010(E) iv ISO 2010 All rights reservedForeword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is nor
16、mally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in
17、the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepar
18、e International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that som
19、e of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 18901 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 42, Photography. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 18901:2002),
20、which has been technically revised. This International Standard is one of a series of International Standards dealing with the physical properties and stability of imaging materials. To facilitate identification of these International Standards, they are assigned a number within the block from 18900
21、 to 18999. BS ISO 18901:2010ISO 18901:2010(E) ISO 2010 All rights reserved vIntroduction Since 1930, great advances have been made in the use of photographic films for the preservation of records. The preservation of film records by governments, banks, insurance companies, industry and other enterpr
22、ises has been stimulated by a recognition of the economies in storage space, organization, accessibility and ease of reproduction that result from the use of film records. During the early development period of the art of copying documents, 35 mm nitrate motion picture film was sometimes used. This
23、material is highly flammable and is not a safety film as specified in ISO 18906. Nitrate film is not acceptable for any record film. The manufacture of nitrate film declined after World War II and was discontinued in most countries in the 1950s. From about 1908 to 1956, the only safety-type film bas
24、es in commercial use were cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate propionate and cellulose acetate butyrate. The useful life of these cellulose-ester-type bases is somewhat conjectural because of limited practical experience. However, the results of laboratory incubation tests indicate a useful life of
25、 at least 50 to 100 years when cellulose-ester-base films are stored under recommended conditions (see References 1, 2, 3 and 4). A second type of polymer safety film base was introduced commercially in 1956. This is a polyester-class material whose chemical name is polyethylene terephthalate. NOTE
26、Another type of polyester base, known as polyethylene naphthalate, has been used for APS (Advanced Photo System) type films since 1996. Polyester base has several advantages over cellulose-ester base, including greater strength, stiffness, tear resistance and dimensional stability, which are importa
27、nt in many photographic applications (see References 5 and 6). Accelerated ageing tests supplemented by 35 years of practical experience indicate a potential useful life of 500 years. This International Standard provides image-stability predictions for three classes of black-and-white films in terms
28、 of LE (life expectancy) ratings. These three classes are radiographic films, microfilms and all other films. Two or three LE ratings are given for each of these film classes depending on their residual thiosulfate concentrations. Studies on the stability of silver-gelatin-type films have investigat
29、ed the effect of residual hypo on the image permanence of radiographic films, microfilms and aerial films (see References 7, 8 and 9). This work suggested modifications to the residual hypo limits and a more quantitative image-stability test was included in the first edition of this International St
30、andard. Residual hypo limits and image-stability tests are now included for all film categories. This International Standard identifies certain hazards to permanence attributable to the chemical or physical characteristics of processed film and provides methods for evaluating them. Some of these are
31、 inherent film characteristics, some are related to the chemical processing procedure and some are influenced by both factors. However, storage conditions can also have a pronounced influence on film permanence. The essential requirements for longevity are proper storage temperature and humidity as
32、well as protection from the hazards of fire, water, fungus, and atmospheric pollutants. Proper storage conditions are specified in ISO 18902 and ISO 18911. BS ISO 18901:2010BS ISO 18901:2010INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 18901:2010(E) ISO 2010 All rights reserved 1Imaging materials Processed silver-gela
33、tin-type black-and-white films Specifications for stability 1 Scope This International Standard establishes the specifications for photographic films intended for the storage of records. It is applicable specifically to films with a base of safety cellulose ester or polyester having silver-gelatin e
34、mulsions, processed to produce a black-and-white silver image by negative or full-reversal processing. It applies to film processed using a monobath that includes thiosulfate as the fixing agent, followed by a conventional wash. It also is applicable to silver films given a stabilizing treatment by
35、partial or full conversion to silver sulfide, silver selenide or gold. This International Standard is applicable to films having ultrasonic or dielectric (induction-heated) splices. It does not cover films with splices made of adhesive tape or solvent-type spIices. NOTE Solvent-type splices are susp
36、ect since they sometimes retain traces of residual solvents containing peroxide, which can pose some risk of oxidative attack on the silver image. This International Standard is not applicable to films with chromogenic black-and-white images, colour images of any type, or to films with a magnetic re
37、cording track. It does not apply to films with silver images produced by dry or thermal processing or by diffusion-reversal processing, or to films that have been processed by a monobath using means other than a thiosulfate-type fixing solution. It is not applicable to films where the silver salts a
38、re removed by means other than thiosulfate solutions (see Reference 10). This International Standard is not applicable to films to which lacquers have been applied. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references,
39、 only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 5-2, Photography and graphic technology Density measurements Part 2: Geometric conditions for transmittance density ISO 5-3, Photography and graphic technolo
40、gy Density measurements Part 3: Spectral conditions ISO 527-3, Plastics Determination of tensile properties Part 3: Test conditions for films and sheets ISO 18902, Imaging materials Processed imaging materials Albums, framing and storage materials ISO 18906, Imaging materials Photographic films Spec
41、ifications for safety film ISO 18911, Imaging materials Processed safety photographic films Storage practices ISO 18917, Photography Determination of residual thiosulfate and other related chemicals in processed photographic materials Methods using iodine-amylose, methylene blue and silver sulfide B
42、S ISO 18901:2010ISO 18901:2010(E) 2 ISO 2010 All rights reserved3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 emulsion layer image or image-recording layer of silver-gelatin-type black-and-white films NOTE There can be one or several emulsi
43、on layers. 3.2 extended-term storage conditions storage conditions suitable for the preservation of recorded information having permanent value NOTE The term “medium-term storage conditions” defines storage conditions suitable for the preservation of recorded information for a minimum of 10 years. 3
44、.3 film base plastic support for the emulsion and backing layers 3.3.1 cellulose-ester base base for recording materials composed mainly of the cellulose esters of acetic, propionic, or butyric acids, or mixtures thereof 3.3.2 polyester base base for recording materials composed mainly of a polymer
45、of ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid (also referred to as polyethylene terephthalate), or a polymer of ethylene glycol and 2,6 naphthalene dicarboxylic acid (also referred to as polyethylene naphthalate) 3.4 full-reversal processing reversal photographic processing that consists of development,
46、bleach, clear, re-exposing and second development, followed by fixing and washing 3.5 life expectancy LE length of time that information is predicted to be acceptable in a system after dark storage at 21 C and 50 % relative humidity (RH) NOTE In the past, the term “archival” was used to define mater
47、ial that could be expected to preserve images forever, so that such images could be retrieved without significant loss when properly stored. However, as no such material exists, this is now a deprecated term and is no longer used in International Standards for imaging materials or in systems specifi
48、cations. 3.6 LE designation rating for the life expectancy (3.5) of recording materials and associated retrieval systems NOTE The number following the LE symbol is a prediction of the minimum life expectancy, in years, during which information can be retrieved without significant loss when stored at
49、 21 C and 50 % RH, e.g. LE-100 indicates that information can be retrieved after at least 100 years of storage. BS ISO 18901:2010ISO 18901:2010(E) ISO 2010 All rights reserved 33.7 non-curl backing layer layer, usually made of gelatin, applied to the side of the photographic film base opposite that of the emulsion layer, for the purpose of preventing curl NOTE 1 It is comparable to the emulsion layer in thickness and is not removed in processing. NOTE 2 Antihalation or other layers rem
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