1、raising standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI Standards PublicationBS ISO 18928:2013Imaging materials Unprocessed photographic films and papers Storage practicesBS ISO 18928:2013 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK i
2、mplementation of ISO 18928:2013. It supersedes BS ISO 18928:2002, which is withdrawn.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee CPW/42, Photography.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary.This publication doe
3、s not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. The British Standards Institution 2013. Published by BSI Standards Limited 2013.ISBN 978 0 580 80507 3 ICS 37.040.20; 37.040.30 Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer imm
4、unityfrom legal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 28 February 2013.Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedBS ISO 18928:2013 ISO 2013Imaging materials Unprocessed photographic films and papers Storage pr
5、acticesMatriaux pour limage Films et papiers photographiques non traits Pratiques de stockageINTERNATIONAL STANDARDISO18928Third edition2013-02-01Reference numberISO 18928:2013(E)BS ISO 18928:2013ISO 18928:2013(E)ii ISO 2013 All rights reservedCOPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2013All rights reserved
6、. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at
7、 the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester.ISO copyright officeCase postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11Fax + 41 22 749 09 47E-mail copyrightiso.orgWeb www.iso.orgPublished in SwitzerlandBS ISO 18928:2013ISO 18928:2013(E)ForewordISO (the International Organi
8、zation for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been establishe
9、d has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.I
10、nternational Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publi
11、cation as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent ri
12、ghts.ISO 18928 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 42, Photography.This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 18928:2002), of which it constitutes a minor revision with the following changes: Annex A has been removed. ISO 2013 All rights reserved iiiBS ISO 18928:2013ISO 1
13、8928:2013(E)IntroductionInternational Standards have been written specifying the recommended practices for the storage of processed safety photographic film (ISO 18911), processed photographic reflection prints (ISO 18920), processed photographic plates (ISO 18918), and the specifications for safety
14、 film (ISO 18906).This International Standard is concerned with the storage of unprocessed photographic materials. While many of the recommendations for unprocessed and processed storage are very similar, there are some important differences. These include the very beneficial effects of low temperat
15、ure and the harmful effects of adverse storage and radiation.iv ISO 2013 All rights reservedBS ISO 18928:2013Imaging materials Unprocessed photographic films and papers Storage practices1 ScopeThis International Standard specifies recommended storage conditions for unprocessed photographic materials
16、. It is not applicable to processed films and prints.This International Standard is applicable to black-and-white and colour photographic materials (negative films, positive films, reversal films, positive papers, and X-ray films), as well as to safety films.2 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes o
17、f this document, the following terms and definitions apply.2.1raw photographic materialphotographic material that has not been exposed to actinic radiation and has not been processed3 Storage conditions3.1 GeneralThe photographic properties of imaging materials change during ageing. These changes re
18、sult from high temperatures and high relative humidities and may also be influenced by plastics, papers, solvents, lacquers, varnishes, gases (see 3.4), and extraneous radiation (see 3.5). Frequent temperature changes may also have adverse effects.Changes caused by unfavourable storage conditions ma
19、y be much greater than those due to variations in original manufacture. It is important to comply with the manufacturers recommended storage conditions and, where given, to an expiration date.Films and papers should be exposed and processed as soon as possible after the original package has been ope
20、ned. Opened packages should be resealed under recommended conditions for further storage.3.2 Relative humidityPhotographic material should generally be kept in equilibrium with 40 % to 60 % relative humidity (RH). Containers shall be kept sealed until the material is used.Films and papers are not us
21、ually stored for long periods between exposing and processing. Production schedules, customer needs, latent image fading or growth, etc., are important factors here. Furthermore, vesicular, diazo, thermally processed silver, and electrographic type materials are normally processed immediately.If con
22、ventional sheet films or papers are not to be processed immediately, they may be stored in commercially available light-tight “paper safes” or in the manufacturers original container.The relative humidity of the storage area shall be maintained below 65 % because higher humidities can damage contain
23、ers (e.g. rust), cause labels, tapes and cartons to deteriorate, and encourage the growth of fungi. It can also induce adhesion (blocking) between adjacent laps or layers.Humidities below 30 % can make film and paper temporarily brittle and lead to unacceptable curl and possible emulsion cracking.IN
24、TERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 18928:2013(E) ISO 2013 All rights reserved 1BS ISO 18928:2013ISO 18928:2013(E)3.3 TemperatureRecommended temperatures during storage depend on the kind of photographic material and on the duration of storage. General guidelines are given in Table 1. In all cases, the informa
25、tion provided by the manufacturer shall be followed.When storing for less than a month, photographic materials may be kept at approximately 25 C. Most manufacturers recommend a maximum temperature of 13 C for longer periods. Manufacturers expiration dates can be extended by storing at still lower te
26、mperatures. Note that infrared-sensitive films shall be stored at 18 C.If films or papers are to be kept for several days or more between exposing and processing, many of the considerations in Clause 3 apply. Storage temperatures should be the same for exposed as for unexposed material.Table 1 Stora
27、ge temperature for films and papersSensitive layer of films and papersStorage from 1 month to 6 monthsStorage for more than 6 monthsWet-processable silver-gelatin Thermally-processable silver Photoplastic DiazoBelow 21 CBelow 13 CChromogenic colour Below 13 CBelow 13 CInfrared (IR) 18 C to 20 C18 C
28、to 20 CNOTE 1 For very long storage of all types of photographic materials, the recommended storage temperature shall be between 18 C and 20 C.NOTE 2 The manufacturers recommendations take precedence over the suggested guidelines of this table.3.4 GasesStorage rooms shall be protected against harmfu
29、l gases such as hydrogen sulphide, sulfur dioxide, formaldehyde, oxidizing gases, industrial emissions, and mercury vapour. Any of these may penetrate the container seal and fog or desensitize the material.Materials shall not be stored in the same area as developer or activator solution.3.5 Extraneo
30、us radiationsPhotographic materials shall be protected from extraneous penetrating radiation until they are processed. Storage rooms and housings shall be measured for their radiation level before being used. For most materials, a maximum of 1,29 104C/kg is recommended. However, the maximum may be 0
31、,1,29 104C/kg for X-ray materials and certain other films (see5in the Bibliography).Some stones or stone aggregates in concrete can emit sufficient radiation (average up to 0,516 104C/kg/yr) to fog very sensitive films after long storage. However, most films and papers are not damaged under normal c
32、onditions.The radiation exposure during airport inspection of carry-on baggage is usually small (see6in the Bibliography). Recently, new technology for inspection of checked baggage at airports uses radiation that fogs many, if not most, unprocessed photographic products.Government regulations in ma
33、ny countries provide for hand inspection of photographic materials which is strongly recommended, thus avoiding the X-ray inspection. Repeated X-ray exposures can damage films faster than ISO 400, scientific films, and X-ray films.2 ISO 2013 All rights reservedBS ISO 18928:2013ISO 18928:2013(E)4 Tem
34、perature acclimatizationPackages of radiation sensitive films and papers should be opened only immediately before use. If materials have been stored at low temperatures, a warm-up period is necessary to prevent condensation on film or paper.The required warm-up period depends on the size of the pack
35、age, its isolation, the temperature difference between storage and surround, and the dew-point of the surround. Recommended periods are given in Table 2. All values are for individual packages separated from each other, except for a carton containing 10 35 mm rolls. The length of material on a roll
36、is less important than the thickness and the insulation of the package.Table 2 Minimum recommended warm-up timesFilms and papersWarm-up hours for the difference between storage and surround temperatures15 C40 CShort roll filmsaMagazines Cartridges1 to 1,51 to 2Packages with 50 sheets 23Single 16 mm
37、rolls 0,5 to 1,51 to 2Single 35 mm rolls 1,5 to 33 to 570 mm and 105 mm rolls 3 to 55 to 8Aerial films 2 to 68 to 25Large packages10 to 2515 to 25Large rollsCarton with ten 35 mm rolls 10 to 3030 to 45X-ray films 1025a120-size and 220-size rolls have the same times as the short film rolls.5 Mechanic
38、al requirementsRolls, mounted on cores and packed in specially designed containers, shall be stored with the radius of the roll in the horizontal position, in order to avoid the weight of the roll exerting a pressure on the lower part of the roll and thereby causing physical damage.If sheet material
39、s are unopened and are 203 mm 250 mm or larger, they should be stored in the vertical position. If the boxes have been opened, they should be stored in the horizontal position. Smaller boxes of sheet materials can be stored in either way. ISO 2013 All rights reserved 3BS ISO 18928:2013ISO 18928:2013
40、(E)6 Handling conditionsClimatic conditions of 20 C to 24 C and 40 % to 65 % RH are recommended for handling in laboratories. In printing rooms, the RH should not be too low in order to prevent static discharges and attraction of dirt. In these cases, low humidity can also cause curl and temporary d
41、imensional changes so that proper handling is no longer possible.Excessive exposure to recommended safelights may degrade the sensitometry of some products. The manufacturers literature should be consulted for recommended maximum cumulative exposure.Air-conditioning systems in laboratories should be
42、 equipped with suitable dust filters.Care should be taken in the handling of sheets of film or paper to avoid physical damage caused by sliding materials over one another, kinking, or fingerprinting. Use of lint-free cotton gloves is recommended.4 ISO 2013 All rights reservedBS ISO 18928:2013ISO 189
43、28:2013(E)Annex A (informative) Background radiationA.1 GeneralThe radiation dosage of naturally occurring background radiation is expressed in coulumb per kilogram (C/kg), which is a measure of “exposure” and can be applied to X-rays and -rays.The “gray” (Gy) or micro-gray (Gy) is a measure of “dos
44、e” due to any ionizing radiation, so there is no exact equivalence between the two basic units. However, an exposure of 0,002 58 104C/kg results in a dose of 8,69 Gy in air, or 1 Gy in air results from a 296,70 104C/kg exposure. Hence, the average dose of 500 mR per year cited in 3.5 is only appropr
45、iate for naturally occurring background radiation. ISO 2013 All rights reserved 5BS ISO 18928:2013ISO 18928:2013(E)Bibliography1 ISO 18906, Imaging materials Photographic films Specifications for safety film2 ISO 18911, Imaging materials Processed safety photographic films Storage practices3 ISO 189
46、18, Imaging materials Processed photographic plates Storage practices4 ISO 18920, Imaging materials Reflection prints Storage practices5 Suleiman O.H., Conway B.H., Fewell T.R., Slayton R.J., Rueter F.G., Gray J. Radiation protection requirements for medical x-ray film. Med. Phys. 1995, 22 (10) pp.
47、169116936 Walsh J.M., McCarthy D.J., McIninch V.G. Airport x-rays and camera films, Technical report prepared for the Photographic & Imaging Manufacturers Association, Inc., 550 Mamaroneck Ave, Harrison, NY 10528, October 19937 PIMA technical report entitled The CTX-5000SP and camera films, June 199
48、78 Current information summary, Avoiding X-ray fogging of motion-picture film, Eastman Kodak Company publication, December, 19976 ISO 2013 All rights reservedBS ISO 18928:2013BS ISO 18928:2013ISO 18928:2013(E) ISO 2013 All rights reservedICS 37.040.20,37.040.30Price based on 6 pagesThis page deliber
49、ately left blankBSI is the independent national body responsible for preparing British Standards and other standards-related publications, information and services. It presents the UK view on standards in Europe and at the international level. BSI is incorporated by Royal Charter. British Standards and other standardisation products are published by BSI Standards Limited.British Standards Institution (BSI)raising standards worldwideBSI389 Chisw
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