1、raising standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI Standards PublicationBS ISO 18946:2011Imaging materials Reflectioncolour photographic prints Method for testing humidityfastnessBS ISO 18946:2011 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standar
2、d is the UK implementation of ISO 18946:2011.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee CPW/42, Photography.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary
3、provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. The British Standards Institution 2012ISBN 978 0 580 62292 2ICS 37.040.20Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of theStandards
4、 Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 January 2012.Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedBS ISO 18946:2011Imaging materials Reflection colour photographic prints Method for testing humidity fastnessMatriaux pour limage Tirages photographiques en couleurs par rflexion Mthode dessai de l
5、a solidit lhumidit ISO 2011Reference numberISO 18946:2011(E)First edition2011-12-15ISO18946INTERNATIONAL STANDARDBS ISO 18946:2011ISO 18946:2011(E)COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2011All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any fo
6、rm or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester.ISO copyright officeCase postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11Fax + 41 22 749 09 47E
7、-mail copyrightiso.orgWeb www.iso.orgPublished in Switzerlandii ISO 2011 All rights reservedBS ISO 18946:2011ISO 18946:2011(E) ISO 2011 All rights reserved iiiContents PageForeword .vIntroduction .vi1 Scope 12 Normative references .13 Terms and definitions .14 Requirements .25 Outline of test proced
8、ure 26 Sample preparation .36.1 General .36.2 Test target 46.3 Printer driver setting .56.4 Printing conditions56.5 Sample conditioning .57 Humidity exposure 67.1 Equipment and calibration 67.2 Test environment control 67.3 Method A Fixed humidity condition 77.4 Method B Multiple humidity conditions
9、 .77.5 Method C Fixed low-humidity condition 78 Colorimetric measurement .79 Data analysis 810 Test report .910.1 General .910.2 Samples information 910.3 Test conditions .910.4 Results .9Annex A (informative) Correspondence to psychophysical evaluation 11Bibliography .12BS ISO 18946:2011ForewordISO
10、 (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical com
11、mittee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrot
12、echnical standardization.International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the membe
13、r bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying
14、 any or all such patent rights.ISO 18946 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 42, Photography.ISO 18946:2011(E)iv ISO 2011 All rights reservedBS ISO 18946:2011IntroductionThis International Standard addresses the methods and procedures for testing the humidity fastness of reflection colour pho
15、tographic prints. Low and high humidity exposure are covered. This is of particular relevance to dye-based ink-jet prints or dye diffusion process prints10111213141516.Some types of colour photographic print suffer from changes in image appearance when exposed to a high relative humidity environment
16、. The observed changes relate to colour, tone and loss of sharpness caused by horizontal and vertical diffusion of colorants as a result of exposure to elevated humidity.The elevated humidity can arise from:a) exposure to high relative humidity of the environment of the display area or storage space
17、;b) trapped moisture as a result of stacking prints, or inserting them into albums, in a high relative humidity environment;c) trapped moisture as a result of stacking prints, or inserting them into albums, before sufficient dry time has elapsed.Therefore, humidity based on meteorological data and u
18、sers behaviour was considered in determining the appropriate test conditions for the humidity fastness test. The test method stipulated in this International Standard is validated for case a).Image deterioration of dye-based prints caused by high humidity is often detectable by the following charact
19、eristics. Blur (sharpness loss), change of colour and/or tone is observed. The deterioration is observed in higher humidity, commonly over 80 %RH or over 90 %RH. The deterioration can occur in a relatively short time, even within one or two weeks. Higher density images, or images that contain more s
20、econdary or mixed colours, are generally more affected. The largest change is usually observed at the boundary of different colours, or with images that have contrasting background colours. The size of the higher density area also affects the deterioration because the solvent and water of the ink di
21、ffuses to the adjacent lower density area when the higher density area is small.It is important to take into account these characteristics when determining the appropriate test chart and test conditions.It has also been observed that low relative humidities can accelerate the yellowing of certain ty
22、pes of inkjet papers. Indoor low humidities are common in colder climates as a result of heating air drawn in from the outdoors with very low dew points, and also in hot, dry climates in combination with air conditioning. In addition to Dminyellowing, very low humidities have also been shown to caus
23、e physical degradation to image-receiving layers; this phenomenon is outside the scope of this International Standard.This International Standard makes use of a checkerboard pattern that allows assessment of humidity-induced blur by means of a relatively simple colorimetric measurement11.ISO 18946:2
24、011(E) ISO 2011 All rights reserved vBS ISO 18946:2011BS ISO 18946:2011INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 18946:2011(E)Imaging materials Reflection colour photographic prints Method for testing humidity fastness1 ScopeThis International Standard describes test methods for evaluating reflection colour photog
25、raphic prints with regard to changes in image appearance resulting from exposure to both low and high relative humidity.The observed changes relate to colour, tone and loss of sharpness caused by horizontal and vertical diffusion of colorants from exposure to elevated humidity levels. Other humidity
26、-related factors, such as mould and mildew growth, and physical damage, such as curl, cockle, cracking or delamination due to humidity cycling, are outside the scope of this test method.Although the method and procedures described in this International Standard can be used to test any colour hardcop
27、y technology, it is particularly appropriate to systems where the colorants are applied by a mechanism involving the diffusion of colorant into image-receiving layers, for example inkjet or dye diffusion processes, and to certain types of inkjet media that are susceptible to Dminyellowing.2 Normativ
28、e referencesThe following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.ISO 18913, Imaging materials Permanenc
29、e VocabularyISO 18931, Imaging materials Recommendations for humidity measurement and controlISO 18941, Imaging materials Colour reflection prints Test method for ozone gas fading stabilityISO 13655, Graphic technology Spectral measurement and colorimetric computation for graphic arts imagesISO 1166
30、4-4, Colorimetry Part 4: CIE 1976 L*a*b* Colour space3 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 18913 and the following apply.3.1operational control pointset point for equilibrium conditions measured at one or more sensor locations in an exposure
31、 deviceNOTE Adapted from ASTM G113.3.2operational fluctuationspositive and negative deviations from the setting of the sensor at the operational control set point during equilibrium conditions in a laboratory accelerated weathering deviceNOTE 1 Operational fluctuations are the result of unavoidable
32、machine variables and do not include measurement uncertainty. Operational fluctuations apply only at the location of the control sensor and do not imply uniformity of conditions throughout the test chamber.NOTE 2 Adapted from ASTM G113. ISO 2011 All rights reserved 1BS ISO 18946:20113.3operational u
33、niformityrange around the operational control point for measured parameters within the intended exposure area, within the limits of the intended operational rangeNOTE Adapted from ASTM G113.3.4uncertainty (of measurement)parameter, associated with the result of a measurement, that characterizes the
34、dispersion of the values that could be reasonably attributed to the measurementNOTE 1 The parameter might be, for example, a standard deviation (or a given multiple of it), or the half-width of an interval having a stated confidence level. NOTE 2 Uncertainty of measurement comprises, in general, man
35、y components. Some of these components can be evaluated from statistical distribution of the results of series of measurements and can be characterized by experimental standard deviations. The other components, which can also be characterized by standard deviations, are evaluated from assumed probab
36、ility distributions based on experience or other information. NOTE 3 It is understood that the result of the measurement is the best estimate of the value of the measurement and that all components of uncertainty, including those arising from systematic effects, such as components associated with co
37、rrections and reference standards, contribute to the dispersion.NOTE 4 Adapted from ISO/IEC Guide 98-3:2008, 2.2.3.4 RequirementsThis International Standard specifies a set of recommended test methods with associated requirements for permitted reporting. Data from these tests shall not be used to ma
38、ke life expectancy claims, such as time-based print lifetime claims, either comparative or absolute. Conversion of data obtained from these methods for the purpose of making public statements regarding product life shall be in accordance with the applicable International Standards for specification
39、of print life.The test methods in this International Standard might be useful as stand-alone test methods for comparison of the stability of image materials with respect to one specific failure mode. Data from the test methods of this International Standard may be used in stand-alone reporting of th
40、e absolute or comparative stability of image materials with respect to the specific failure mode dealt with in this International Standard, when reported in compliance with the reporting requirements of this International Standard. Caution shall be exercised when comparing test results for different
41、 materials. Comparisons shall be limited to test cases that use equipment with matching specifications and matching test conditions.5 Outline of test procedureThe checkerboard pattern11shown in Figure 1 shall be printed at (23 2) C and in an environment of (50 10) %RH.The test samples shall be condi
42、tioned, positioned with unrestricted airflow, for (24 2) h at (23 2) C and (50 5) %RH.The printed samples shall be exposed to high humidity or low humidity as specified in Clause 7.The colour patches shall be measured using CIELAB colorimetry before and after the humidity exposures. Eabfor the patch
43、es of the checkerboard pattern shall be calculated.This International Standard stipulates three test methods: A, B, and C.Method A demonstrates the degree of the deterioration (E of the printed image) quantitatively in a fixed humidity condition, i.e. 25 C and 85 %RH, for a given period of time. Fou
44、r weeks is the recommended duration. One, two or eight week durations can be used. Method A is most useful for research and development of ISO 18946:2011(E)2 ISO 2011 All rights reservedBS ISO 18946:2011printing systems or printing materials where the humidity fastness of many samples can be screene
45、d and closely compared.Method B demonstrates the limitations of printing systems and materials by analysing data from tests at various levels of humidity, i.e. 25 C for two weeks at three or more humidity levels chosen from 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90 and 95 %RH, and showing where each sample starts
46、to deteriorate. Method B is especially useful for communicating with end users who will be able to recognize the high humidity limitations for each product tested.Method C demonstrates the propensity of the image-receiving layer or underlying substrate to yellow upon exposure to low relative humidit
47、ies, i.e. 25 C at 20 %RH for up to six months18.The test procedures are summarized in Table 1.Table 1 Summary of test proceduresSteps Procedures and test conditionsSample preparationTest target Checkerboard pattern shown in Figure 1Temperature and RH(23 2) C and (50 10) %RHSample conditioningTempera
48、ture and RH(23 2) C and (50 5) %RHDuration (24 2) h, unrestricted airflowMeasurementMethod CIE colorimetry conforming to measurement condition M0 of ISO 13655 ParameterEabof 84 patches in Figure 1 before and after the humidity exposureHumidity exposureMethod A 25 C and 85 %RH Recommended duration of
49、 4 weeks One, two or eight week durations can be usedMethod B 25 C for two weeks at three or more humidity levels chosen from 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90 and 95 %RHMethod C 25 C at 20 %RH for up to six monthsMeasurementMethod CIE colorimetry conforming to measurement condition M0 of ISO 13655ParameterEabof 84 patches in Figure 1 before and after the humidity exposureReportMethods A and C Measured deterioration at a fixed humidityMethod B Highest limit humidi
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