1、BSI Standards PublicationBS ISO 19162:2015Geographic information Well-known textrepresentation of coordinatereference systemsBS ISO 19162:2015 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO 19162:2015.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Te
2、chnicalCommittee IST/36, Geographic information.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. The British Stand
3、ards Institution 2015. Published by BSI StandardsLimited 2015ISBN 978 0 580 81808 0ICS 35.240.70Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 August 2015.Amen
4、dments issued since publicationDate Text affectedBS ISO 19162:2015 ISO 2015Geographic information Well-known text representation of coordinate reference systemsInformation gographique Reprsentation textuelle bien lisible de systmes de rfrence par coordonnesINTERNATIONAL STANDARDISO19162First edition
5、2015-08-15Reference numberISO 19162:2015(E)BS ISO 19162:2015ISO 19162:2015(E)ii ISO 2015 All rights reservedCOPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2015, Published in SwitzerlandAll rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
6、or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester.ISO copyright officeCh. de Blandonnet 8
7、 CP 401CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, SwitzerlandTel. +41 22 749 01 11Fax +41 22 749 09 47copyrightiso.orgwww.iso.orgBS ISO 19162:2015ISO 19162:2015(E) ISO 2015 All rights reserved iiiContents Page Foreword . vii Introduction viii 1 Scope 1 2 Conformance requirements . 1 3 Normative references 2 4 Definit
8、ions and abbreviations 2 4.1 Definitions 2 4.2 Abbreviations . 8 5 Backus-Naur Form notation and syntax . 8 6 WKT string form 9 6.1 Overview . 9 6.2 Encoding 9 6.3 Characters used in WKT . 9 6.3.1 Basic characters 9 6.3.2 Numbers . 11 6.3.3 Date and time . 11 6.3.4 CRS WKT characters . 12 6.3.5 Doub
9、le quote 13 6.4 Delimiter . 13 6.5 Case sensitivity . 13 6.6 Reserved keywords . 13 6.7 Backward compatibility 15 7 WKT representation of common attributes 15 7.1 Introduction 15 7.2 Name . 15 7.3 Scope, extent, identifier and remark . 15 7.3.1 Introduction 15 7.3.2 Scope 16 7.3.3 Extent 16 7.3.4 Id
10、entifier . 18 7.3.5 Remark 19 7.4 Unit and unit conversion factor . 20 7.5 Coordinate system 21 7.5.1 Syntax . 21 7.5.2 Coordinate system type and dimension . 22 7.5.3 Axis name and abbreviation . 23 7.5.4 Axis direction . 24 7.5.5 Axis order . 25 7.5.6 Axis unit and coordinate system unit . 25 7.5.
11、7 Examples of WKT describing coordinate systems 26 8 WKT representation of geodetic coordinate reference systems 28 8.1 Overview . 28 8.2 Geodetic datum . 28 8.2.1 Ellipsoid 28 8.2.2 Prime meridian . 29 8.2.3 Datum 30 8.3 Coordinate systems for geodetic CRSs 31 8.4 Examples of WKT describing a geode
12、tic CRS . 31 BS ISO 19162:2015ISO 19162:2015(E) iv ISO 2015 All rights reserved9 WKT representation of projected CRSs 32 9.1 Overview .32 9.2 Base CRS 32 9.2.1 General 32 9.2.2 Ellipsoidal CS unit .33 9.3 Map projection .33 9.3.1 Introduction 33 9.3.2 Map projection name and identifier .34 9.3.3 Map
13、 projection method .34 9.3.4 Map projection parameter .35 9.4 Coordinate systems for projected CRSs .35 9.5 Examples of WKT describing a projected CRS 35 10 WKT representation of vertical CRSs 36 10.1 Overview .36 10.2 Vertical datum 37 10.3 Vertical coordinate system .37 10.4 Example of WKT describ
14、ing a vertical CRS 37 11 WKT representation of engineering CRSs 37 11.1 Overview .37 11.2 Engineering datum 38 11.3 Coordinate systems for engineering CRSs 38 11.4 Examples of WKT describing an engineering CRS 38 12 WKT representation of image CRSs 39 12.1 Overview .39 12.2 Image datum .39 12.3 Coor
15、dinate systems for image CRSs.40 13 WKT representation of parametric CRSs 40 13.1 Overview .40 13.2 Parametric datum.40 13.3 Parametric coordinate system .40 13.4 Example of WKT describing a parametric CRS 41 14 WKT representation of temporal CRSs .41 14.1 Overview .41 14.2 Temporal datum .41 14.3 T
16、emporal coordinate system 41 14.4 Example of WKT describing a temporal CRS .41 15 WKT representation of derived CRSs 42 15.1 Overview .42 15.2 Derived CRS conversion .42 15.2.1 Introduction 42 15.2.2 Derived CRS conversion method .43 15.2.3 Derived CRS conversion parameter 43 15.2.4 Derived CRS conv
17、ersion parameter file 44 15.2.5 Derived CRS conversion example .44 15.3 Derived CRS of type geodetic 44 15.3.1 Representation .44 15.3.2 Example of WKT describing a derived geodetic CRS 45 15.4 Derived CRS of type vertical .45 15.5 Derived CRS of type engineering .46 15.5.1 Representation .46 15.5.2
18、 Examples of WKT describing a derived engineering CRS 47 15.6 Derived CRS of type parametric .48 15.7 Derived CRS of type temporal 48 16 WKT representation of compound coordinate reference systems 49 16.1 Overview .49 16.2 Examples of WKT describing a compound CRS 50 BS ISO 19162:2015ISO 19162:2015(
19、E) ISO 2015 All rights reserved v17 WKT representation of coordinate operations . 51 17.1 Coordinate operations 51 17.2 Coordinate operation components 51 17.2.1 Source and target CRS . 51 17.2.2 Coordinate operation name and identifier 51 17.2.3 Coordinate operation method 52 17.2.4 Coordinate oper
20、ation parameter 52 17.2.5 Coordinate operation parameter file . 53 17.2.6 Interpolation CRS 53 17.2.7 Coordinate operation accuracy . 53 17.2.8 Other coordinate operation attributes . 53 17.3 Examples of WKT describing a coordinate operation . 54 18 WKT representation of CRS and coordinate operation
21、 couplets . 55 18.1 Bound CRS . 55 18.2 Bound CRS components 56 18.2.1 Abridged coordinate transformation . 56 18.2.2 Coordinate operation method in abridged coordinate transformations . 56 18.2.3 Abridged coordinate transformation parameter 57 18.2.4 Coordinate operation parameter file . 57 18.3 Ex
22、amples of WKT describing a Bound CRS . 58 Annex A (normative) Abstract test suite 59 A.1 Conformance of a WKT string describing a geodetic CRS . 59 A.2 Conformance of a WKT string describing a projected CRS . 59 A.3 Conformance of a WKT string describing a vertical CRS . 60 A.4 Conformance of a WKT
23、string describing an engineering CRS . 60 A.5 Conformance of a WKT string describing an image CRS . 61 A.6 Conformance of a WKT string describing a parametric CRS . 61 A.7 Conformance of a WKT string describing a temporal CRS 62 A.8 Conformance of a WKT string describing a derived CRS . 62 A.9 Confo
24、rmance of a WKT string describing a compound CRS . 63 A.10 Conformance of a WKT string describing a coordinate operation 63 A.11 Conformance of a WKT string describing a Bound CRS 64 Annex B (informative) Recommended practice for implementation . 65 B.1 Introduction 65 B.2 Keywords . 65 B.2.1 Keywor
25、d case sensitivity 65 B.2.2 Alternative keywords 65 B.2.3 Handling of unrecognised keywords 65 B.3 Characters 65 B.3.1 Handling of unrecognised characters . 65 B.3.2 String length 65 B.4 White space 66 B.4.1 Insertion of white space 66 B.4.2 Parsing of white space outside of quoted text . 66 B.4.3 P
26、arsing of white space within quoted text 66 B.5 Identifiers . 66 B.5.1 Use of identifier . 66 B.5.2 Using names to interpret identity 66 B.6 Numbers . 67 B.6.1 Precision 67 B.6.2 Defining parameters for a sphere 67 B.6.3 Implied units 67 B.7 Attribute order . 67 B.8 Version of CRS WKT . 67 Annex C (
27、informative) Mapping of concepts from previous versions of CRS WKT 68 C.1 BNF . 68 C.2 Backward compatibility of CRS common attributes 68 C.2.1 Name . 68 BS ISO 19162:2015ISO 19162:2015(E) vi ISO 2015 All rights reservedC.2.2 ID (Authority) 68 C.3 Backward compatibility of coordinate reference syste
28、m components .69 C.3.1 Ellipsoid 69 C.3.2 Prime meridian .69 C.3.3 Datum 69 C.3.4 Map projection .70 C.3.5 Coordinate system 71 C.4 Backward compatibility of coordinate reference systems 72 C.4.1 Geodetic CRS .72 C.4.2 Projected CRS 73 C.4.3 Vertical CRS and engineering (local) CRS 73 C.4.4 Compound
29、 CRS .74 C.4.5 Fitted CS .74 C.5 Backward compatibility of coordinate operations .74 C.6 Mapping of tokens and keywords from previous versions of CRS WKT to this International Standard .75 Annex D (informative) Triaxial ellipsoid 79 Annex E (informative) Identifiers for coordinate operation methods
30、and parameters 80 E.1 Introduction 80 E.2 Map projection methods .81 E.3 Map projection parameters .81 E.4 Coordinate transformation methods .83 E.5 Coordinate transformation parameters .83 Bibliography 85 BS ISO 19162:2015ISO 19162:2015(E) ISO 2015 All rights reserved viiForeword ISO (the Internati
31、onal Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
32、 ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
33、 committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of elec
34、trotechnical standardization. The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was
35、drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. www.iso.org/directives Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent righ
36、ts. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received. www.iso.org/patents Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an
37、 endorsement. For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISOs adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information The committee
38、 responsible for this document is ISO/TC 211, jointly with the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC). BS ISO 19162:2015ISO 19162:2015(E) viii ISO 2015 All rights reservedIntroduction Well-known Text (WKT) offers a compact machine- and human-readable representation of geometric objects. WKT may also be us
39、ed for succinctly describing the critical elements of coordinate reference system (CRS) definitions. WKT was described in the Open Geospatial Consortium implementation specifications 99-036 through 06-103r4 and International Standard ISO 19125-1:2004, “Geographic information Simple feature access Pa
40、rt 1: Common architecture”. The WKT representation of coordinate reference systems was subsequently extended in Open Geospatial Consortium implementation specification 01-009 “Coordinate Transformation Services“ and this extension was later adopted in the Open Geospatial Consortium GeoAPI 3.0 implem
41、entation standard 09-083r3 and GeoPackage 1.0 implementation standard 12-128r10. The WKT representation of coordinate reference systems as defined in ISO 19125-1:2004 and OGC specification 01-009 is inconsistent with the terminology and technical provisions of ISO 19111:2007 and OGC Abstract Specifi
42、cation topic 2 (08-015r2), “Geographic information Spatial referencing by coordinates”. This International Standard provides an updated version of WKT representation of coordinate reference systems that follows the provisions of ISO 19111:2007 and ISO 19111-2:2009. It extends earlier WKT to allow fo
43、r the description of coordinate operations. This International Standard defines the structure and content of well-known text strings. It does not prescribe how implementations should read or write these strings. BS ISO 19162:2015INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 19162:2015(E) ISO 2015 All rights reserved 1
44、Geographic information Well-known text representation of coordinate reference systems 1 Scope This International Standard defines the structure and content of a text string implementation of the abstract model for coordinate reference systems described in ISO 19111:2007 and ISO 19111-2:2009. The str
45、ing defines frequently needed types of coordinate reference systems and coordinate operations in a self-contained form that is easily readable by machines and by humans. The essence is its simplicity; as a consequence there are some constraints upon the more open content allowed in ISO 19111:2007. T
46、o retain simplicity in the well-known text (WKT) description of coordinate reference systems and coordinate operations, the scope of this International Standard excludes parameter grouping and pass-through coordinate operations. The text string provides a means for humans and machines to correctly a
47、nd unambiguously interpret and utilise a coordinate reference system definition with look-ups or cross references only to define coordinate operation mathematics. Because it omits metadata about the source of the data and may omit metadata about the applicability of the information, the WKT string i
48、s not suitable for the storage of definitions of coordinate reference systems or coordinate operations. 2 Conformance requirements This International Standard defines eleven classes of conformance (see Annex A) in three groups: 1) Any WKT string claiming conformance of coordinate reference system de
49、finition shall satisfy the requirements in Annex A as shown in Table 1. Table 1 Conformance requirements for coordinate reference systems Coordinate reference system type Conformance requirements given in geodetic A.1 projected A.2 vertical A.3 engineering A.4 image A.5 parametric A.6 temporal A.7 derived geodetic derived vertical derived engineering derived parametric derived temporal A.8 compound A.9 BS ISO 19162:2015ISO 19162:2015(E) 2 ISO 2015 All rights reserved2) Any WKT string claiming conformance of coordinate operation d
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