1、 g49g50g3g38g50g51g60g44g49g42g3g58g44g55g43g50g56g55g3g37g54g44g3g51g40g53g48g44g54g54g44g50g49g3g40g59g38g40g51g55g3g36g54g3g51g40g53g48g44g55g55g40g39g3g37g60g3g38g50g51g60g53g44g42g43g55g3g47g36g58dictionaries Requirements, recommendations and informationICS 01.020; 01.080.99Presentation/ repres
2、entation of entries in BRITISH STANDARDBS ISO 1951:2007BS ISO 1951:2007This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 May 2007 BSI 2007ISBN 978 0 580 50745 8Amendments issued since publicationAmd. No. Date Commentscontract. Users are resp
3、onsible for its correct application.Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations. National forewordThis British Standard was published by BSI. It is the UK implementation of ISO 1951:2007.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee
4、 TS/1, Terminology.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a Reference numberISO 1951:2007(E)INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO1951Third edition2007-02-15Presentation/repres
5、entation of entries in dictionaries Requirements, recommendations and information Prsentation/reprsentation des entres dans les dictionnaires Exigences, recommandations et information BS ISO 1951:2007ii iiiContents Page Foreword iv Introduction.v 1 Scope1 2 Normative references1 3 Terms and definiti
6、ons .1 4 Formal description of dictionary entries.3 4.1 An overview of data elements and compositional elements 3 4.1.1 Data elements 4 4.1.2 Hierarchical structures: dictionary and entries .8 4.1.3 Compositional elements.9 4.2 Formal structure of a dictionary entry 13 4.2.1 Formal grammar for high-
7、level structures13 4.2.2 Formal grammar for other lexical unit containers .16 4.2.3 Formal grammar for blocks17 4.2.4 Formal grammar for other comment containers17 4.2.5 Formal grammar for lexical units.18 4.2.6 Formal grammar for comments .19 4.3 Content models .20 4.3.1 Content elements 20 4.3.2 E
8、mbedded elements21 4.3.3 Basic elements 22 4.3.4 Pointer 23 4.3.5 Formal grammar for embedded containers23 4.3.6 Formal grammar for data category content24 4.4 General qualifiers 25 5 Means of presentation 25 5.1 Layout aids.25 5.1.1 General .25 5.1.2 Layout aids for dictionaries .25 5.2 Compacting
9、mechanisms.26 5.2.1 General abbreviations.26 5.2.2 Abbreviated headword repetitions 26 5.2.3 Repeat symbols (Tilde or Dash).26 5.2.4 Nesting27 Annex A (informative) Arabic, Roman and Hellenic numbering system.28 Annex B (informative) Tables of functions of lexicographical symbols .30 Annex C (inform
10、ative) Examples of XML encoding.45 Annex D (informative) Assigning layout aids to dictionary components and compacting dictionary entries.68 Bibliography76 BS ISO 1951:2007iv Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO
11、 member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, gover
12、nmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC D
13、irectives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member
14、bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 1951 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 37, Terminology and other
15、language and content resources, Subcommittee SC 2, Terminographical and lexicographical working methods. This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 1951:1997), the scope of which has been extended in order to address publishers and users needs by taking into account various type
16、s of electronic dictionaries and the constraints of single sourcing for producing dictionaries, as well as disseminating and reusing data in lexicographical practice. Real dictionary entries used as examples in this International Standard only illustrate the principles of XML representation of lexic
17、ographical data and their associated presentations. They do not engage the publishers responsibility. BS ISO 1951:2007vIntroduction General aim of this International Standard During the past decade, dictionary-making processes have undergone important changes due to the spread of electronic dictiona
18、ries. Consequently, lexicographers are faced with a growing diversification of methods during dictionary preparation and publishing. This revised International Standard aims to support the creation and management of various types of dictionaries. It takes into account different ways of using diction
19、aries, especially such new functionalities of electronic documents as hyperlinks. To allow dictionary content to be reused in different printed and electronic formats, lexicographers increasingly tend to create a single well-structured lexicographical source or data repository. In addition to reprod
20、ucing all the typographical conventions described in the former edition of ISO 1951, this revised International Standard provides a specific model based on current best professional practices, in order to allow necessary production, exchange and management procedures. In the text of this Internation
21、al Standard, the use of the auxiliary verb “shall” indicates a requirement or specification that is to be met precisely as stated; the use of the auxiliary verb “should” indicates a recommendation of a good way to do something that is to be followed unless a better way can be demonstrated to have be
22、en adopted; and the use of the auxiliary verb “can” indicates information that the user may find useful. BS ISO 1951:2007blank1Presentation/representation of entries in dictionaries Requirements, recommendations and information 1 Scope This International Standard deals with monolingual and multiling
23、ual, general and specialized dictionaries. It specifies a formal generic structure independent of the publishing media and it proposes means of presenting entries in print and electronic dictionaries. The relationship between the formal structure and the presentation of entries used by publishers an
24、d read by users is explained in examples provided in the informative annexes. The objective of this International Standard is to facilitate the production, merging, comparison, extraction, exchange, dissemination and retrieval of lexicographical data in dictionaries. Following a lexicographical lemm
25、a-oriented approach, it does not deal with concept-oriented works as defined in ISO 704. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition
26、of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 704:2000, Terminology work Principles and methods ISO 1087-1:2000, Terminology work Vocabulary Part 1: Theory and application 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 704 and I
27、SO 1087-1 and the following apply. These definitions concern basic and unambiguous terms of dictionary structure and presentation, common in most types of dictionaries, which are within the scope of this International Standard. Terms considered specific to certain dictionaries have not been included
28、 here. 3.1 comment metalinguistic information describing a lexical unit (3.8) by means of lexicographical data elements (3.3) or compositional elements (3.2) 3.2 compositional element composite information unit made of elements NOTE There are three families of compositional elements: blocks (3.2.1),
29、 containers (3.2.2) and groups (3.2.3). BS ISO 1951:20072 3.2.1 block factorizing structure compositional element (3.2) used to factorize elements (3.5) that are shared as refiners by many instances of a specific element NOTE Examples of blocks are provided in Tables 6 to 14. 3.2.2 container refinin
30、g structure compositional element (3.2) used to supply additional information about one single specific data element (3.3) by the mean of other elements (3.5) EXAMPLE A headword container is used for giving the pronunciation or the part of speech which refines a headword (3.6) which is itself the re
31、fined data element. NOTE 1 Adapted from ISO 16642:2003, C.4.5. NOTE 2 An example of a container is provided in Tables 4 and 5. 3.2.3 group compositional element (3.2) used to aggregate several independent elements (3.5) EXAMPLE A sense is described by a group of elements such as definition, subject
32、field, etc. NOTE An example of a group is provided in Tables 15 and 16. 3.3 data element data category unit of data for which the definition, identification, representation, and permissible values are specified by means of a set of attributes ISO/IEC 11179-1:2004, definition 3.3.8 NOTE Lists of data
33、 elements are provided in Tables 1 and 2. 3.4 dictionary entry lexicographical entry entry part of a dictionary which contains information related to one lemma (3.7) and its variants 3.5 element any data element (3.3) or compositional element (3.2) 3.6 headword entry word lemma (3.7) that serves as
34、the heading for an entry in a dictionary 3.7 lemma base word lexical unit (3.8) chosen according to lexicographical conventions to represent the different forms of an inflectional paradigm EXAMPLE “Sell” is the lemma of the paradigm “sells, sold, selling, etc.” BS ISO 1951:200733.8 lexical unit unit
35、 of language, belonging to the lexicon of a given language and which is described or mentioned in a dictionary 3.9 lexicographical symbol letter, punctuation mark, other typographical or graphic symbol or group of symbols or any combination thereof used to represent certain lexicographical or termin
36、ological data as displayed or output either singularly or in conjunction with another item of lexicographical data 3.10 nested entry grouping structure for related dictionary entries that share a common headword 4 Formal description of dictionary entries For the sake of clarity, the following formal
37、 model, thereafter called XmLex, is illustrated by short examples encoded according to an XML Definition Type Document called XmLex_V00 (for more information, see informative Annex C). 4.1 An overview of data elements and compositional elements Dictionary entries can be seen as comments about topics
38、, that are lexical units. An entry has a main topic (the headword); other topics (e.g. variants, translations) are said to be “related topics”. Topics and comments are data elements. Each data element has a content model. Data elements are grouped into compositional elements in order to produce an u
39、nambiguous and fully computable entry. Open lists of data elements and compositional elements are provided herein, and are extendable by the user for specific purposes. Printed dictionaries generally use typographical conventions (normal/bold/italic), spatial disposition (before/after) and punctuati
40、on (comma or semicolon) to indicate relations between topics and comments. In the XmLex model, the position of an element is never used for expressing relations between two elements, there are no markers equivalent to typographical signs (comma or semicolon). Compositional elements (containers, bloc
41、ks and groups) are used to encode logical relations between comments and topics so that it is always possible, on one hand, to generate automatically any printed presentation and, on the other hand, to compute automatically all the relations between elements when transforming data (for inverting a b
42、ilingual dictionary for instance) or when reusing data in other contexts like translation memory systems or lexical databases. This part of this International Standard describes data elements and their grouping in compositional elements needed for representing most common dictionary entries;1) speci
43、fies a formal dictionary model expressed in Extended Backus-Naur form which is often used as a formal notation to describe the syntax of a given language; gives in annexes examples of implementation and means of validation using XML, Xpointer, XSL and XHTML specifications. 1) For each data element,
44、a conventional name and description is provided, based as far as possible on ISO 12620:1999. Free data elements, the type of which is definable by the user, allow extensions of the model for “negotiated interchange”. BS ISO 1951:20074 4.1.1 Data elements 4.1.1.1 Lexical units The following table giv
45、es the list of lexical units and comments that should be used in a standardized dictionary entry. The first column contains a designation of the data element. The second gives its generic identifier as used in the formal model. The third column gives a short explanation, and the fourth refers to the
46、 first example (if available) of the data element in the annexes (the first number points to the example, the second indicates the line). Table 1 List of lexical units Name Generic identifier Explanation See: AnnexExampleLine abbreviated form AbbreviatedForm Lexical unit formed by omitting words or
47、letters from a longer form . Adapted from ISO 1087-1:2000, definition 3.4.9 C 7 3 analogy Analogy Lexical unit having some similarity of meaning with the current lexical unit. Adapted from ISO 1087-1:2000, definition 3.4.9 C 10 4 antonym Antonym Lexical unit for which the concept constitutes the opp
48、osite of the concept represented by the current lexical unit. Adapted from ISO 12620:1999, A.10.18.6 C 5 45 compositional phrase CompositionalPhrase Any recurrent and conventional juxtaposition of words such as collocation, proverb, saying, etc. C 4 15 derivation Derivation A change in the form of a
49、 lexical unit, usually modification in the base/root or affixation which signals a change in part-of-speech information. C 5 9 example Example An instance that is typical of a lexical units usage in a specific sense. C 4 10 false friend FalseFriend A lexical unit in one language that only appears to have formal or semantic similarity with a lexical unit in another language, but that does not represent the same concept. Adapted from ISO 12620:1999, A.3.2 C 15 6 free topic FreeTopic Lexical unit whose type is no
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