1、BSI Standards PublicationBS ISO 21127:2014Information anddocumentation Areference ontology for theinterchange of culturalheritage informationBS ISO 21127:2014 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO 21127:2014. It supersedes BS ISO 21127:2006 which is w
2、ithdrawn.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee IDT/2/7, Computer applications in Information and Documentation.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the
3、 necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. The British Standards Institution 2014.Published by BSI Standards Limited 2014ISBN 978 0 580 74919 3 ICS 35.240.30 Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.This British Sta
4、ndard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 October 2014.Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate T e x t a f f e c t e d ISO 2014Information and documentation A reference ontology for the interchange of cultural heritage informationInformat
5、ion et documentation Une ontologie de rfrence pour lchange dinformations du patrimoine culturelINTERNATIONAL STANDARDISO 21127Second edition 2014-10-15Reference number ISO 21127:2014(E)BS ISO 21127:2014ISO 21127:2014(E)ii ISO 2014 All rights reservedCOPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2014All rights re
6、served. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either
7、ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester.ISO copyright officeCase postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11Fax + 41 22 749 09 47E-mail copyrightiso.orgWeb www.iso.orgPublished in SwitzerlandBS ISO 21127:2014ISO 21127:2014(E)Contents PageForeword ivIntrodu
8、ction v1 Scope . 12 Conformance . 13 Terms and definitions . 24 Structure and presentation . 64.1 Property quantifiers . 64.2 Naming conventions . 85 Modelling principles . 95.1 Monotonicity . 95.2 Minimality . 95.3 Shortcuts 95.4 Disjointness 105.5 Types. 105.6 Extensions 115.7 Coverage of intended
9、 scope 116 Class declarations .127 Property declarations 54Annex A (informative) Class hierarchy 98Bibliography . 104 ISO 2014 All rights reserved iiiBS ISO 21127:2014ISO 21127:2014(E)ForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bod
10、ies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organization
11、s, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further
12、maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
13、 Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introd
14、uction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents). Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement.For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to co
15、nformity assessment, as well as information about ISOs adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary informationThe committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 46, Information and documentation, Subcommittee SC 4, Techn
16、ical interoperability, in collaboration with the International Council of Museums Committee for Documentation (ICOM CIDOC).This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 21127:2006), which has been technically revised.iv ISO 2014 All rights reservedBS ISO 21127:2014ISO 21127:2014(E)
17、IntroductionThis International Standard is the culmination of more than a decade of standards development work by the International Committee for Documentation (CIDOC) of the International Council of Museums (ICOM). Work on this International Standard began in 1996 under the auspices of the ICOM-CID
18、OC Documentation Standards Working Group. The document1)provided by CIDOC formed the basis for ISO 21127 which was first published in 2006. While the initial impetus for the work came from the museum community, it has since spread to encompass other types of cultural heritage institution. This Inter
19、national Standard has been appropriated and extended to meet the needs of other institutions dealing with cultural heritage.The primary purpose of this International Standard is to offer a conceptual basis for the mediation of information between cultural heritage organizations such as museums, libr
20、aries, and archives. This International Standard aims to provide a common reference point against which divergent and incompatible sources of information can be compared and, ultimately, harmonized.ISO 21127 is an ontology2)1for cultural heritage information: a formal representation of the conceptua
21、l scheme, or “world view”, underlying the database applications and documentation systems that are used by cultural heritage institutions. It is important to note that this International Standard aims to clarify the logic of what cultural heritage institutions do in fact document; it is not intended
22、 as a normative specification of what they should document. The primary role of this International Standard is to enable information exchange and integration between heterogeneous sources of cultural heritage information. It aims to provide the semantic definitions and clarifications needed to trans
23、form disparate, localized information sources into a coherent global resource, be it within an institution, an intranet, or on the Internet.The specific aims of this International Standard are to serve as a common language for domain experts and IT developers when formulating requirements, serve as
24、a formal language for the identification of common information contents in different data formats; in particular to support the implementation of automatic data transformation algorithms from local to global data structures without loss of meaning. These transformation algorithms are useful for data
25、 exchange, data migration from legacy systems, data information integration, and mediation of heterogeneous sources, support associative queries against integrated resources by providing a global model of the basic classes and their associations to formulate such queries, and provide developers of i
26、nformation systems with a guide to good practice in conceptual modelling.The ISO 21127 ontology is expressed as a series of interrelated concepts with definitions. This presentation is similar to that used for a thesaurus. However, the ontology is not intended as a terminology standard and does not
27、set out to define the terms that are typically used as data in cultural heritage documentation. Although the presentation provided here is complete, it is an intentionally compact and concise presentation of the ontologys 86 classes and 137 unique properties. It does not attempt to articulate the in
28、heritance of properties by subclasses throughout the class hierarchy (this would require the declaration of several thousand properties, as opposed to 137). However, this definition does contain all the information needed to infer and automatically generate a full declaration of all properties, incl
29、uding inherited properties.1) The CIDOC CRM Special Interest Group continues to maintain a version of this original document, usually known as the “CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model” or CIDOC CRM.2) In the sense used in computer science, i.e. it describes in a formal language the relevant explicit an
30、d implicit concepts and the relationships between them. ISO 2014 All rights reserved vBS ISO 21127:2014BS ISO 21127:2014Information and documentation A reference ontology for the interchange of cultural heritage information1 ScopeThis International Standard establishes guidelines for the exchange of
31、 information between cultural heritage institutions. In simple terms, this can be defined as the information managed by museums, libraries, and archives.A more detailed definition can be articulated by defining both the intended scope, a broad and maximally inclusive definition of general principles
32、, and the practical scope, which is defined by reference to a set of specific museum documentation standards and practices.The intended scope of this International Standard is defined as the exchange and integration of heterogeneous scientific documentation relating to museum collections. This defin
33、ition requires further elaboration. The term “scientific documentation” is intended to convey the requirement that the depth and quality of descriptive information that can be handled by this International Standard need to be sufficient for serious academic research. This does not mean that informat
34、ion intended for presentation to members of the general public is excluded, but rather that this International Standard is intended to provide the level of detail and precision expected and required by museum professionals and researchers in the field. The term “museum collections” is intended to co
35、ver all types of material collected and displayed by museums and related institutions, as defined by ICOM3). This includes collections, sites, and monuments relating to fields such as social history, ethnography, archaeology, fine and applied arts, natural history, history of sciences and technology
36、. The documentation of collections includes the detailed description of individual items within collections, groups of items, and collections as a whole. This International Standard is specifically intended to cover contextual information (i.e. the historical, geographical, and theoretical backgroun
37、d that gives museum collections much of their cultural significance and value). The exchange of relevant information with libraries and archives, and harmonization with their models, falls within the intended scope of this International Standard. Information required solely for the administration an
38、d management of cultural institutions, such as information relating to personnel, accounting, and visitor statistics, falls outside the intended scope of this International Standard.The practical scope4)of this International Standard is the set of reference standards for museum documentation that ha
39、ve been used to guide and validate its development. This International Standard covers the same domain of discourse as the union of these reference documents; consequently, for any data that is correctly encoded in accordance with any of these reference documents, a form of encoding can be created t
40、hat is both compatible with the current standard and which entails no semantic loss.2 ConformanceUsers intending to take advantage of the semantic interoperability offered by this International Standard should ensure conformance with the relevant data structures. Conformance pertains either to data
41、3) The ICOM Statutes provide a definition of the term “museum” at .4) The practical scope of the CIDOC CRM, including a list of the relevant museum documentation standards, is discussed in more detail on the CIDOC CRM website at .INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 21127:2014(E) ISO 2014 All rights reserved
42、1BS ISO 21127:2014ISO 21127:2014(E)to be made accessible in an integrated environment or intended for transport to other environments. Any encoding of data in a formal language that preserves the relations of the classes, properties, and inheritance rules defined by this International Standard, is r
43、egarded as conformant.Conformance with this International Standard does not require complete matching of all local documentation structures, nor that all concepts and structures present in this International Standard be implemented. This International Standard is intended to allow room both for exte
44、nsions, needed to capture the full richness of cultural information, and for simplification, in the interests of economy. A system will be deemed partially conformant if it supports a subset of subclasses and subproperties defined by this International Standard. Designers of the system should publis
45、h details of the constructs that are supported.The focus of this International Standard is the exchange and mediation of structured information. It does not require the interpretation of unstructured (free text) information into a structured, logical form. Unstructured information is supported, but
46、falls outside the scope of conformance considerations.Any documentation system will be deemed conformant with this International Standard, regardless of the internal data structures it uses; if a deterministic logical algorithm can be constructed, that transforms data contained in the system into a
47、directly compatible form without loss of meaning. No assumptions are made as to the nature of this algorithm. “Without loss of meaning” signifies that designers and users of the system are satisfied that the data representation corresponds to the semantic definitions provided by this International S
48、tandard.3 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.3.1classcategory of items that share one or more common traitsNote 1 to entry: Class traits serve as criteria to identify items that belong to the class. These traits need not be explicitly fo
49、rmulated in logical terms, but can be described in a text (called a scope note) that refers to a common conceptualization of domain experts. The sum of these traits is called the intension of the class. A class can be the domain or range of none, one, or more properties formally defined in a model. The formally defined properties need not be part of the intension of their domains or ranges; such properties are optional. An item that belongs to a class is called an instance of this class. A class is associated with an open set of real-life insta
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