1、raising standards worldwide NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW BSI Standards Publication Air quality Bulk materials Part 1: Sampling and qualitative determination of asbestos in commercial bulk materials BS ISO 22262-1:2012National foreword This British standard i
2、s the UK implementation of ISO 22262-1:2012. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted by Technical Committee EH/2, Air quality, to Subcommittee EH/2/3, Ambient atmospheres. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. This publicatio
3、n does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. The British Standards Institution 2012 Published by BSI Standards Limited 2012 ISBN 978 0 580 68871 3 ICS 13.040.20 Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity f
4、rom legal obligations. This British Standard was published under the authority of the Stand- ards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 July 2012. Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date Text affected BRITISH STANDARD BS ISO 22262-1:2012 ISO 2012 Air quality Bulk materials Part 1: Sampling a
5、nd qualitative determination of asbestos in commercial bulk materials Qualit de lair Matriaux solides Partie 1: chantillonnage et dosage qualitatif de lamiante dans les matriaux solides dorigine commerciale INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 22262-1 First edition 2012-07-01 Reference number ISO 22262-1:2012
6、(E) BS ISO 22262-1:2012 ISO 22262-1:2012(E) ii ISO 2012 All rights reserved COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2012 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying a
7、nd microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland B
8、S ISO 22262-1:2012 ISO 22262-1:2012(E) ISO 2012 All rights reserved iii Contents Page Foreword . v Introduction .vi 1 Scope 1 2 T erms and definitions . 1 3 Symbols and abbreviated terms . 7 4 Principle . 8 4.1 General . 8 4.2 Substance determination 8 4.3 Type of sample . 8 4.4 Range 8 4.5 Limit of
9、 detection . 9 4.6 Limitations of PLM in the detection of asbestos 9 5 Sample collection 9 5.1 Requirements . 9 5.2 Procedure 10 6 Sample preparation .14 6.1 General .14 6.2 Removal of organic materials by ashing 14 6.3 Removal of soluble constituents by acid treatment 14 6.4 Sedimentation and flota
10、tion .14 6.5 Combination of gravimetric reduction procedures 14 7 Analysis by PLM 14 7.1 Requirements .14 7.2 Qualitative analysis by PLM .19 8 Analysis by SEM 29 8.1 General .29 8.2 Requirements .29 8.3 Calibration .29 8.4 Sample preparation .30 8.5 Qualitative analysis by SEM .30 9 Analysis by tra
11、nsmission electron microscope .31 9.1 General .31 9.2 Requirements .32 9.3 Calibration .32 9.4 Sample preparation .33 9.5 Qualitative analysis by TEM .33 10 Test report .35 Annex A (normative) Types of commercial asbestos-containing material .36 Annex B (normative) Interference colour chart 40 Annex
12、 C (normative) Dispersion staining charts .41 Annex D (normative) Asbestos identification by PLM and dispersion staining in commercial materials .43 Annex E (normative) Asbestos identification by SEM in commercial materials .52 Annex F (normative) Asbestos identification by TEM in commercial materia
13、ls .58 Annex G (informative) Example of sampling record .67 Annex H (informative) Example of test report .68 BS ISO 22262-1:2012 ISO 22262-1:2012(E) iv ISO 2012 All rights reserved Bibliography .69 BS ISO 22262-1:2012 ISO 22262-1:2012(E) Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardizati
14、on) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be re
15、presented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards
16、are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an Internati
17、onal Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 22262-1 was
18、 prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 146, Air quality, Subcommittee SC 3, Ambient atmospheres. ISO 22262 consists of the following parts, under the general title Air quality Bulk materials: Part 1: Sampling and qualitative determination of asbestos in commercial bulk materials The following part
19、is under preparation: Part 2: Quantitative determination of asbestos by gravimetric and microscopical methods ISO 2012 All rights reserved v BS ISO 22262-1:2012 ISO 22262-1:2012(E) Introduction In the past, asbestos was used in a wide range of products. Three varieties of asbestos found extensive co
20、mmercial application. Chrysotile accounted for approximately 95 % of consumption, and this variety is therefore likely to be encountered most frequently during the analysis of samples. Materials containing high proportions of chrysotile asbestos were used in buildings and in industry for fireproofin
21、g, thermal insulation, and acoustic insulation. Chrysotile was also used to reinforce materials to improve fracture and bending characteristics. A large proportion of the chrysotile produced was used in asbestoscement products. These include flat sheets, tiles and corrugated sheets for roofing, pipe
22、s and open troughs for the collection of rainwater, as well as pressure pipes for supply of potable water. Chrysotile was also incorporated into products such as decorative coatings and plasters, glues, sealants and resins, floor tiles, gaskets, and road paving. In some products, chrysotile was inco
23、rporated to modify rheological properties, e.g. in the manufacture of ceiling tile panels and oil drilling muds. Long textile grade chrysotile fibre was also used to manufacture woven, spun, felted and paper products. Amosite and crocidolite accounted for almost all of the remaining asbestos use. Am
24、osite was widely used as fireproofing and in thermal insulation products, e.g. pipe coverings and insulating boards. Crocidolite was also used as fireproofing and in thermal insulation products, but was particularly prized because it is highly resistant to acids, flexible enough to be spun and has h
25、igh tensile strength for reinforcement. Crocidolite found application as a reinforcing fibre in acid containers such as those used for leadacid batteries, in high-performance textiles and gaskets, and was particularly important for the manufacture of high-pressure asbestos cement pipes for delivery
26、of potable water. Three other types of asbestos are currently regulated. Materials containing commercial anthophyllite are relatively rare, but they have also been used as a filler and reinforcing fibre in composite materials, and as a filtration medium. Tremolite asbestos and actinolite asbestos we
27、re not extensively used commercially, but some occurrences of tremolite asbestos in surfacing materials and fireproofing have been found in Japan. Tremolite asbestos and actinolite asbestos sometimes occur as contaminants of other commercial minerals. Other minerals can also occur as asbestos. For e
28、xample, richterite asbestos and winchite asbestos occur at mass fractions between 0,1 % and 6 % associated with vermiculite, formerly mined at Libby, Montana, USA. Vermiculite from this source was widely distributed and is often found as loose fill insulation and as a constituent in a range of const
29、ruction materials and fireproofing. While the asbestos mass fraction in some products can be very high and in some cases approach 100 %, in other products the mass fractions of asbestos used were significantly lower and often between 1 % and 15 %. In some ceiling tile panels, the mass fraction of as
30、bestos used was close to 1 %. There are only a few known materials in which the asbestos mass fraction used was less than 1 %. Some adhesives, sealing compounds and fillers were manufactured in which asbestos mass fractions were lower than 1 %. There are no known materials in which asbestos was inte
31、ntionally added at mass fractions lower than 0,1 %. In this part of ISO 22262, procedures for collection of samples and qualitative analysis of commercial bulk materials for the presence of asbestos are specified. The primary method used to identify asbestos is polarized light microscopy. Because of
32、 the wide range of matrix materials into which asbestos was incorporated, polarized light microscopy cannot provide reliable analysis of all types of asbestos-containing materials in untreated samples. The applicability of polarized light microscopy can be extended by the use of simple treatments su
33、ch as ashing and treatment with acid. Optionally, either scanning electron microscopy or transmission electron microscopy may be used as an alternative or confirmatory method to identify asbestos. Although this part of ISO 22262 specifies that, optionally, a visual estimate of the asbestos mass frac
34、tion within very broad ranges may also be made, it is recognized that the accuracy and reproducibility of such estimates is very limited. Quantitative determination of the asbestos content can be needed for a number of reasons, e.g. assessment and management of the risk from asbestos materials in bu
35、ildings or to comply with regulatory definitions for asbestos-containing materials. The necessity to quantify asbestos in a material depends on the maximum mass fraction that has been adopted by the jurisdiction to define an asbestos-containing material for the purpose of regulation. Definitions ran
36、ge from “any asbestos” to 0,1 %, 0,5 % or 1 %. For jurisdictions in which an asbestos-containing material is defined as one containing “any asbestos”, a particular problem is how to determine whether a material does not contain asbestos, since all methods have limits of detection. vi ISO 2012 All ri
37、ghts reserved BS ISO 22262-1:2012 ISO 22262-1:2012(E) For practical purposes, since no known commercial materials exist in which commercial asbestos was intentionally added at mass fractions lower than 0,1 %, this part of ISO 22262 specifies that samples be classified as asbestos-containing (i.e. co
38、ntaining more than 0,1 % asbestos) if either chrysotile, amosite, crocidolite or anthophyllite, or any of these varieties in combination, is detected in the analysis. When the definition of an asbestos-containing material is either 0,5 % or 1 %, depending on the nature of the product, it is often ne
39、cessary to proceed to other parts of this International Standard in order to quantify the asbestos for the purpose of defining the regulatory status of the material. The occurrence of tremolite, actinolite or richterite/winchite in a material is usually a consequence of natural contamination of the
40、constituents, and the detection of these minerals does not necessarily indicate that the mass fraction is more than 0,1 % asbestos. Accordingly, determination of the regulatory status of these materials by any of the criteria can often be achieved only by quantitative analysis. Since these minerals
41、were not specifically mined and utilized for their fibrous properties, they may also occur in materials as either non- asbestiform or asbestiform analogues, or as mixtures of both. Evaluation of these types of material may require a more detailed analysis. Simple analytical procedures such as polari
42、zed light microscopy are not capable of detecting or reliably identifying asbestos in some types of commercial products containing asbestos, either because the fibres are below the resolution of optical microscopy or because the matrix material adheres too strongly to the fibres. For these types of
43、product, it may be necessary to utilize electron microscopy. For a list of parts of this International Standard, see the Foreword. The method specified in this part of ISO 22262 is based on MDHS 77, 11VDI 3866 Part 1, 13VDI 3866 Part 4, 14 , VDI 3866 Part 5, 15 , AS 4964-2004, 8EPA /600/R-93/116, 10
44、and NF X46-020:2008. 12 ISO 2012 All rights reserved vii BS ISO 22262-1:2012 Air quality Bulk materials Part 1: Sampling and qualitative determination of asbestos in commercial bulk materials I M P O R T A NT T h e e l e c t r o n i c fi l e o f t h i s d o c u m e n t c o n t a i n s c o l o u r s
45、w h i c h a r e c o n s i d e r e d t o b e useful for the correct understanding of the document. Users should therefore consider printing this document using a colour printer. 1 Scope This part of ISO 22262 specifies methods for sampling bulk materials and identification of asbestos in commercial b
46、ulk materials. This part of ISO 22262 specifies appropriate sample preparation procedures and describes in detail the procedure for identification of asbestos by polarized light microscopy and dispersion staining. This part of ISO 22262 also specifies simple procedures for separation of asbestos fib
47、res from matrix materials such as asphalt, cement, and plastics products. Optionally, identification of asbestos can be carried out using scanning electron microscopy or transmission electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray analysis. Information is also provided on common analytical problems
48、, interferences and other types of fibre that may be encountered in the analysis. This part of ISO 22262 is applicable to qualitative identification of asbestos in specific types of manufactured asbestos-containing products and commercial minerals. This part of ISO 22262 is applicable to the analysi
49、s of fireproofing, thermal insulation, and other manufactured products or minerals in which asbestos fibres can readily be separated from matrix materials for identification. NOTE This part of ISO 22262 is intended for use by microscopists who are familiar with polarized light microscopy methods and the other analytical procedures specified (References 1619). It is not the intention of this part of ISO 22262 to provide instruction in the fundamental analytical techniques. 2 T erms and definitio ns For
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