1、 g49g50g3g38g50g51g60g44g49g42g3g58g44g55g43g50g56g55g3g37g54g44g3g51g40g53g48g44g54g54g44g50g49g3g40g59g38g40g51g55g3g36g54g3g51g40g53g48g44g55g55g40g39g3g37g60g3g38g50g51g60g53g44g42g43g55g3g47g36g58distribution in tree and bush cropsICS 65.060.40Crop protection equipment Field measurement of spra
2、y BRITISH STANDARDBS ISO 22522:2007BS ISO 22522:2007This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 April 2007 BSI 2007ISBN 978 0 580 50492 1Amendments issued since publicationAmd. No. Date Commentscontract. Users are responsible for its c
3、orrect application.Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations. National forewordThis British Standard was published by BSI. It is the UK implementation of ISO 22522:2007.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee AGE/15, Equipme
4、nt for crop protection and application of liquid fertilizer.A list of organizations represented on AGE/15 can be obtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a Reference numberISO 22522:2007(E)INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO22522First e
5、dition2007-04-01Crop protection equipment Field measurement of spray distribution in tree and bush crops Matriel de protection des cultures Mesurage au champ de la rpartition de la pulvrisation pour arbres et arbustes fruitiers BS ISO 22522:2007 ii iiiContents Page Foreword iv 1 Scope . 1 2 Normativ
6、e references . 1 3 Terms and definitions. 1 4 Elements of a test . 2 5 Trial design 2 6 Description of sprayer settings. 2 7 Description of tree or bush orchard . 6 8 Description of the spray liquid 6 9 Sampling 6 9.1 General. 6 9.2 Canopy targets 7 9.3 Ground targets 11 10 Measurement of meteorolog
7、ical conditions 13 11 Conditions for comparative measurements 13 Annex A (normative) Tracers 14 Annex B (informative) Artificial target description . 15 Annex C (informative) Sampling methodology . 16 Annex D (informative) Collectors for measuring spray loss to ground 17 Annex E (informative) Presen
8、tation of results 18 Bibliography . 19 BS ISO 22522:2007 iv Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical commit
9、tees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the In
10、ternational Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International
11、 Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the
12、subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 22522 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 23, Tractors and machinery for agriculture and forestry, Subcommittee SC 6, Equipment for crop protection. BS ISO 22522:2007 1Crop protectio
13、n equipment Field measurement of spray distribution in tree and bush crops 1 Scope This International Standard is applicable to the field measurement of quantities of spray deposit, applied using ground sprayers, on tree and bush crops. It covers measurements of the volume or mass of spray deposits
14、(both absolute and distribution) on target structures such as leaves, fruits and ground losses. It does not deal with spray drift measurements. However, its use in combination with the protocol for field measurements of spray drift given in ISO 22866 can result in a good evaluation of spray mass bal
15、ance in tree or bush spraying when measuring airborne drift. This International Standard allows for flexibility in the arrangement of field tests, specifying standardized measurement procedures that are useful for comparison of the results from different field experiments or laboratory tests, for ex
16、ample, using a vertical patternator. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments
17、) applies. ISO 9898, Equipment for crop protection Test methods for air-assisted sprayers for bush and tree crops ISO 10627-1, Agricultural sprayers Data sheet Part 1: Typical layout ISO 10627-2, Hydraulic agricultural sprayers Data sheets Part 2: Technical specifications related to components 3 Ter
18、ms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 plot one or several adjacent rows to be sprayed 3.2 tracer traceable material representing a plant protection product formulation BS ISO 22522:2007 2 4 Elements of a test A spray distribution test co
19、mprises the application of a tracer to the canopies by travelling at a measured forward speed along defined tracks, and the measurement of spray deposit on the target canopy (leaves and/or fruits), if available and/or appropriate structures (artificial targets), to determinate the spray cover and co
20、llectors for the measurement of ground losses. An appropriate tracer in a water solution may be used for field measurements. Where possible, all measurements shall use a tracer of low toxicity that can be safely applied with no associated risks of environmental contamination. The spray liquid shall
21、have physical properties representative of liquids typically used in the application of plant protection products. Other products that can be added to more closely mimic an actual pesticide solution, such as surfactants, should be described in the test report. Tracers that allow several applications
22、 on the same target can be used to decrease variability attributable to structural changes within the sampled biological targets. 5 Trial design The plots shall be located inside a uniform, representative and well cared for orchard. In order to prevent interactions with other treatments and/or edge
23、effect, at least two further rows of trees or bushes shall be present on each side of the plot. An appropriate length of rows shall be sprayed, on one or both sides. This length shall ensure the output of the intended spray volume over the plot. Details of the spraying layout shall be fully reported
24、 within the results. 6 Description of sprayer settings At least the following items shall be described. a) Sprayer: manufacturer; type and model; travel speed (km/h); overall liquid flow rate (l/min). b) Nozzles and liquid distribution: one side (left or right) or two-sided application; working pres
25、sure (MPa); nozzles characteristics and positions (see Table 1 and Figure 1); position of nozzles in relation to the air stream (in or out); nozzle flow direction (front, central or rear); droplet size data (Dv10, Dv50, Dv90) for hydraulic nozzles (including the measuring system). BS ISO 22522:2007
26、3c) Air flow distribution (for air-assisted sprayers): fan type; gear position; PTO (power take off) speed (min1); rotation direction clockwise or anticlockwise (counter-clockwise); deflector characteristics (air-directional) description according to ISO 10627-1 and ISO 10627-2 (see Table 2 and Figu
27、re 2); air speed and airflow rate of the sprayer according to ISO 9898. The liquid and air distribution system of the sprayer shall be described using diagrams, pictures and/or photographs in the test report. If possible, in order to better explain test results obtained from different types of spray
28、ers, it would be preferable also to refer to the vertical spray pattern, measured using a vertical test bench (see ISO 9898). BS ISO 22522:2007 4 Table 1 Nozzle characteristics and position Left Right Measured flow rate Height | Distance to row axis | Orientation aMeasured flow rate Height | Distanc
29、e to row axis | Orientation aModel l/min cm | cm | degree Nozzle no. Model (l/min) cm | cm | degree e.g. 150|225|22 1 e.g. 150|225|22 2 n Total flow rate Total flow rate aAngle of orientation, a, related to the horizontal level (example of axial fan sprayer). See Figure 1. Key a angle of orientation
30、 related to horizontal level (example of axial fan sprayer) 1 distance to row axis 2 height Figure 1 Nozzle position BS ISO 22522:2007 5Table 2 Deflector characteristics Left Right Length Height | Distanceto row axis | Orientation aLength Height | Distanceto row axis | Orientation aPosition cm cm |
31、cm | degreesNozzle no. Position cm cm | cm | degreese.g. upper e.g. 25 e.g. 10|200|45 1 e.g. upper e.g. 25 e.g. 185|200|30 2 n aAngle of orientation, b, related to the horizontal level (example of axial fan sprayer). See Figure 2. Key b angle of orientation related to horizontal level (example of ax
32、ial fan sprayer) 1 distance to row axis 2 height 3 length Figure 2 Deflector position BS ISO 22522:2007 6 7 Description of tree or bush orchard The description of the tree or bush orchard shall include at least the following information: a) crop, variety and rootstock; b) age (years); c) training sy
33、stem (pruning type); d) phenological stage in the trial date (growth stage), if available, using code standards; e) parametric dimensions (average volume or mass measurements), comprising average distance between rows (m), average distance between trees or bushes in the row (m) (describe positions b
34、y means of diagrams, if necessary), average height (cm), average vegetation width (cm), geometry, shape, gaps, number of layers, and average vegetation volume per unit area; f) mass measurements (optional, however, if done, the methodology shall be described) consisting of leaf area index (one-sided
35、 green leaf area per unit ground area), and leaf density (one-sided green leaf area in a defined volume within the canopy). 8 Description of the spray liquid The description of the spray liquid shall include at least the following information: tracers, adjuvants, chemical used, with description and
36、concentration reported (see Annex A); sprayed dose (liquid, tracer, adjuvant); tracer concentration, with representative samples of the spray mixture liquid taken for immediate analysis before and/or after spraying. If different tracers are used in the same experiment, they shall be allocated at ran
37、dom to each application. 9 Sampling 9.1 General Depositions are measured using at least three replications within the plot. In each replication, at least one tree or bush shall be chosen on which to carry out the measurements of spray deposit on the defined targets (leaves or fruits). To prevent “st
38、art-up” and “finishing” effects, an appropriate number of trees or bushes shall be ignored in both ends of the rows. This shall be noted in the report. BS ISO 22522:2007 7Before treatment application commences, several replicate blank samples shall be taken so that the pre-spraying amounts of the us
39、ed tracers (expected to be near zero) can be determined. A profile sampling strategy (see 9.2.1) or a zone sampling strategy (see 9.2.2) shall be adopted. Optionally, it could be interesting to use both sampling strategies in order to obtain the advantages of both methods. Additional strategies shal
40、l be fully reported. In order to minimize experimental error, the samples shall be taken, stored, extracted and analysed in an suitable way, depending on the tracer used. For instance, it is always important to take the samples as soon as the spray deposit of last application has dried. Also, when u
41、sing fluorescent tracers, it is important to store samples in dark boxes and, when using metal tracers, it is recommended that leaf sweating be avoided by the use of appropriate bags or by refrigeration of the samples just after collection. Artificial targets can be used to help the adjusting proces
42、s of the sprayer or in carrying out preliminary tests. A description of their number, position, material, attaching system and other relevant details shall be provided (see Annex B). Procedures for handling samples or collectors prior to and post exposure to spray that minimize the risk of cross-con
43、tamination shall be established. The potential for cross-contamination and tracer degradation shall be monitored during a trial using clean samples or collectors and those loaded with a measured volume of the tracer solution. After use, samples or collectors shall be stored for the minimum period po
44、ssible. The storage shall be in conditions appropriate to the tracer, typically dry, in darkness, and at a temperature of less than 4 C, minimizing any risk of condensation (since this can result in inaccuracy). In all cases, measures to prevent samples degradation shall be employed. Deposits on sam
45、ples or collectors should be calculated based on the calibration of the tracing technique with samples of the spray liquid taken from a nozzle at the time of the spraying. 9.2 Canopy targets 9.2.1 Profile sampling strategy A profile sampling strategy is useful when measuring the vertical distributio
46、n of tracer in the canopy because it provides information on precise deposition on single leaves along the profile. This strategy brings more variability to the test due to measurements on single leaves, but generates a large amount of samples, making tests more time-consuming and expensive. Samples
47、 represent single target points distributed in levels separated by a maximum of 25 cm see Figure 3 a). In every tree or bush, samples shall be collected following different profiles in the vegetation see Figure 3 b). If the canopy width, in the tangential direction of the sprayer displacement, is le
48、ss than 50 cm, two peripheral profiles (A and B) shall be followed to collect samples placed on the sides of the tree facing the alleys. If the canopy is greater than or equal to 50 cm wide, at least one further profile (C) shall be added in the middle (central) part of the tree, around the trunk. O
49、ne additional profile (D) shall be considered when the maximum overlapped width is lower than half the maximum width of the trees (a b/2) see Figure 3 b). Two additional peripheral profiles (D and E) shall be considered when trees are isolated. These profiles shall be placed in the vertical plane, including the row axle, with one at the beginning of the tree and the other one at the end of the tree. At least one sample shall correspond to an individual leaf or
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