1、raising standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI Standards PublicationBS ISO 26162:2012Systems to manageterminology, knowledgeand content Design,implementation andmaintenance of terminologymanagement systemsBS ISO 26162:2012 BRITISH STANDARDNationa
2、l forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO 26162:2012.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee TS/1, Terminology.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport
3、to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. The British Standards Institution 2012. Published by BSI StandardsLimited 2012ISBN 978 0 580 64664 5ICS 01.020; 35.240.30Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligat
4、ions.This British Standard was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 August 2012.Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedBS ISO 26162:2012Reference number ISO 26162:2012(E)ISO 2012 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO26162First edition2012-08-15Systems
5、to manage terminology, knowledge and content Design, implementation and maintenance of terminology management systems Systmes de gestion de la terminologie, de la connaissance et du contenu Conception, mise en uvre et maintenance des systmes de gestion de la terminologie BS ISO 26162:2012ISO 26162:2
6、012(E) COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2012 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the ad
7、dress below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ii ISO 2012 All rights reservedBS ISO 26162:2012ISO 26162:2012(E) ISO
8、2012 All rights reserved iiiContents Page Foreword vi Introduction . vii 1 Scope 1 2 Normative references 1 3 Terms and definitions . 1 3.1 Resources 1 3.2 Data categories 3 3.3 Data modelling . 5 3.4 Applications . 7 4 Terminology management system (TMS) . 7 4.1 General description . 7 4.2 Purchase
9、d or self-programmed TMS 8 4.3 Predefined or freely definable TMS . 8 4.4 Desktop, client-server or Web-based TMS . 8 4.5 Stand-alone, integrated or combined TMS . 8 4.6 Monolingual, bilingual or multilingual TMS 9 4.7 Database or structured text TMS . 9 4.8 Single-database or multiple-database TMS
10、9 5 Project phases . 9 5.1 Overview . 9 5.2 Pre-feasibility study 10 5.3 Feasibility study 10 5.4 Use-case analysis 10 5.5 System requirements 10 5.6 Cost-effectiveness . 11 5.7 System design . 11 5.8 System development . 11 5.9 System deployment . 11 5.10 System test 12 5.11 TMS population, use, an
11、d maintenance 12 6 User-centred design 12 6.1 Basic procedures 12 6.2 Steps in a user-centred approach . 13 6.3 Identifying the users and their needs 13 6.4 Identifying the output products . 16 6.5 Performing a task analysis and preparing use cases . 16 6.6 Identifying and prioritizing requirements
12、. 18 6.7 Conducting a competitive evaluation 19 6.8 Designing and evaluating a prototype 19 6.9 Adjusting the design to user feedback . 19 6.10 Performing a beta assessment 19 7 Terminological data categories . 19 7.1 Introduction to data categories 19 7.2 Principles for selecting and using data cat
13、egories . 20 7.3 Types of data categories 23 7.4 Data entry structures 26 7.5 Selecting data categories . 26 7.6 Translation-specific data categories . 27 BS ISO 26162:2012ISO 26162:2012(E) iv ISO 2012 All rights reserved7.7 Prescriptive data categories .27 7.8 Workflow-related data categories 27 7.
14、9 Standardized data category names and data category concepts 27 8 Data modelling .28 8.1 The terminological metamodel .28 8.2 Data modelling for concept orientation .29 8.3 Application-oriented approaches .32 8.4 Data modelling examples 33 8.5 Accounting for legacy data .39 9 Implementing the TMS 4
15、0 10 Deploying the TMS.41 10.1 Deployment activities 41 10.2 Preparing documentation, help, and educational materials .41 10.3 Providing support and maintenance .42 10.4 Meeting stakeholder dependencies .42 10.5 Announcing and promoting the TMS .42 10.6 Delivering the TMS.42 10.7 Providing training
16、42 10.8 Measuring user satisfaction .42 11 User interfaces .43 11.1 Designing the user interface 43 11.2 Displaying terminological data categories .43 11.3 Displaying and arranging terminological entries .44 12 Inputting and editing data .47 12.1 Manually inputting data .47 12.2 Importing data 51 12
17、.3 Editing data 52 12.4 Validating data .52 12.5 Automatically generating or modifying data 53 12.6 Adding cross-references 53 12.7 Adding multimedia files 53 13 Search functions 54 13.1 Database search features .54 13.2 Searching for a term 55 13.3 Searching by concept number or characteristics 55
18、13.4 Complex filtering and searching 56 13.5 Searching in text fields .56 13.6 Browsing .56 14 Data output .56 14.1 Types of data output .56 14.2 Displaying search results .56 14.3 Sorting 57 14.4 Printouts .58 14.5 Exporting the data to a file 61 14.6 Exporting data for other applications 61 15 Org
19、anizing and administering the TMS .61 15.1 Creating a management plan 61 15.2 Importance of data flow management .62 15.3 Changing the data model 62 15.4 Providing for data security .62 15.5 Controlling access .63 15.6 Supporting an interchange format .63 15.7 Staffing the TMS .64 15.8 Controlling c
20、osts and managing resources .64 Annex A (informative) Case studies: Data categories and data modelling .66 BS ISO 26162:2012ISO 26162:2012(E) ISO 2012 All rights reserved vBibliography 69 BS ISO 26162:2012ISO 26162:2012(E) vi ISO 2012 All rights reservedForeword ISO (the International Organization f
21、or Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has th
22、e right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. Internat
23、ional Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication
24、 as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
25、 ISO 26162 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 37, Terminology and other language and content resources, Subcommittee SC 3, Systems to manage terminology, knowledge and content. BS ISO 26162:2012ISO 26162:2012(E) ISO 2012 All rights reserved viiIntroduction Terminological data are collected,
26、managed and stored in a wide variety of terminology management systems (TMSs). TMSs employ a variety of database management systems, ranging from personal computer applications for individual users to client server applications or Web-based applications operated by major companies and governmental a
27、gencies. Terminological data collections (TDCs) are based on various kinds of data models and consist of different sets of data categories (Data Category Selections, DCSs). To facilitate co-operation and to prevent duplication of work, it is important to develop standards and guidelines for creating
28、 and using TDCs as well as for sharing and exchanging data. ISO/TC 37 has published the following standards in order to facilitate the exchange of terminological data and to create an integrated approach to be used in analysing an existing TDC and in designing new ones: ISO 704, ISO 12620, ISO 16642
29、. Having some acquaintance with these documents before reading this International Standard would be beneficial. This International Standard gives guidance on choosing the relevant data categories, as well as designing and implementing a data model and a user interface for a TMS, taking into account
30、the intended user group. The guidelines described in this International Standard are indispensable for the successful development of a TMS and for avoiding costly errors. This International Standard may be used for choosing the appropriate TMS for a certain purpose. BS ISO 26162:2012BS ISO 26162:201
31、2INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 26162:2012(E) ISO 2012 All rights reserved 1Systems to manage terminology, knowledge and content Design, implementation and maintenance of terminology management systems 1 Scope This International Standard specifies criteria for designing, implementing and maintaining ter
32、minology management systems (TMSs). This International Standard provides information about the rationale for using a TMS, types of users and users needs, steps in designing and implementing a TMS, as well as the tasks of organizing and managing a terminological data collection (TDC). It also provide
33、s guidelines for selecting and using data categories for managing terminology in various environments. This International Standard is intended for terminologists, software developers and others who are involved in the process of developing or acquiring a TMS. 2 Normative references The following ref
34、erenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 704, Terminology work Principles and methods ISO 12620, Termin
35、ology and other language and content resources Specification of data categories and management of a Data Category Registry for language resources ISO 16642, Computer applications in terminology Terminology markup framework ISO 30042, Systems to manage terminology, knowledge and content TermBase eXch
36、ange (TBX) 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 Resources 3.1.1 terminological resource terminological data collection TDC text or data resource consisting of terminological entries (3.1.4) NOTE Adapted from ISO 24613:2008. BS ISO
37、26162:2012ISO 26162:2012(E) 2 ISO 2012 All rights reserved3.1.2 terminology management system TMS software tool specifically designed for collecting, maintaining, and accessing terminological data 3.1.3 terminological database TDB termbase database comprising a terminological resource (3.1.1) 3.1.4
38、terminological entry TE part of a terminological resource (3.1.1) that contains the terminological data related to one concept NOTE Adapted from ISO 1087-2, 2.22. The abbreviated term has been added. 3.1.5 concept orientation principle applied to terminology management whereby a terminological entry
39、 (3.1.4) describes one and only one concept or two or more quasi-equivalent concepts (3.1.7) NOTE A concept-oriented entry can contain multiple terms, which are therefore considered semantically equivalent. 3.1.6 equivalent concept concept in one language that comprises the same characteristics as t
40、hat covered by a given concept in another language 3.1.7 quasi-equivalent concept nearly equivalent concept concept in one language that shares most but not all characteristics with a concept in another language, but that is nevertheless used as an equivalent for that concept in some contexts 3.1.8
41、entailed term term used in a text field such as the /definition/ or /context/ that designates a concept that is defined in another terminological entry (3.1.4) in the same terminological resource (3.1.1) 3.1.9 doublette terminological entry (3.1.4) that describes the same concept as another entry NO
42、TE Doublettes are normally detected by TMS by identifying two terms having the same form; however, doublettes are determined based on identical concepts, not on identical terms. Doublettes should not be confused with homographs. 3.1.10 concept system set of concepts structured according to the relat
43、ionships among them ISO 1087-1:2000, 3.2.11 3.1.11 concept diagram graphic representation of a concept system (3.1.10) ISO 1087-1:2000, 3.2.12 BS ISO 26162:2012ISO 26162:2012(E) ISO 2012 All rights reserved 33.1.12 legacy data terminological data that are available in an existing file or database, a
44、nd that are considered for importation into a TMS (3.1.2) NOTE Legacy data may be in the form of previously used databases, word-processing files, comma-delimited text files, SGML, HTML, or XML files, and the like. Conversion of such data to a format that will be compatible with a new TMS can pose s
45、erious challenges. 3.1.13 term word, or several words, that denote a concept EXAMPLES “Olympics” and “special Olympics” are two terms in the field of sports. NOTE 1 When the word or words can denote more than one concept, each word/concept pair is a separate term. For example, “port” (shelter for bo
46、ats) and “port” (computer connection point) are two different terms. NOTE 2 In terminology theory, terms denote concepts in specific subject fields, and words from the general lexicon are not considered to be terms. In a TDC, however, words from the general lexicon are sometimes recorded in terminol
47、ogical entries, where they are still referred to as “terms”. 3.2 Data categories 3.2.1 data category result of the specification of a data field ISO 1087-2:2000, 6.14 3.2.2 data element unit of data that, in a certain context, is considered indivisible ISO 1087-2:2000, 6.11 3.2.3 data granularity de
48、gree of precision of data NOTE For example, the set of individual data categories (3.2.1) /part of speech/, /grammatical gender/, and /grammatical number/ provides for greater data granularity than does the single data category /grammar/. 3.2.4 data elementarity principle whereby a single data field
49、 shall contain only one item of information NOTE For example, including both a full form and an abbreviation in the same field would be a violation of the principle of data elementarity. 3.2.5 term autonomy principle whereby all terms in a terminological entry (3.1.4) can be described by using the same set of data categories (3.2.1) 3.2.6 Data Category Registry DCR set of standardized data categories (3.2.1) to be used as a reference for the definition of linguistic annotation schemes or any other formats in the domain of
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