1、raising standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI Standards PublicationBS ISO 27368:2008Analysis of blood for asphyxiant toxicants Carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanideBS ISO 27368:2008 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK
2、 implementation of ISO 27368:2008.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee FSH/16, Hazards to life from fire.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necess
3、aryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. BSI 2011ISBN 978 0 580 64264 7ICS 13.220.99Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Commit
4、tee on 28 February 2011.Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedBS ISO 27368:2008Reference numberISO 27368:2008(E)ISO 2008INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO27368First edition2008-08-15Analysis of blood for asphyxiant toxicants Carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide Analyse du sang pour substances
5、 toxiques asphyxiantes Monoxyde de carbone et acide cyanhydrique BS ISO 27368:2008ISO 27368:2008(E) PDF disclaimer This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobes licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embed
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8、em relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below. COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2008 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, includ
9、ing photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Publishe
10、d in Switzerland ii ISO 2008 All rights reservedBS ISO 27368:2008ISO 27368:2008(E) ISO 2008 All rights reserved iiiContents Page Foreword iv Introduction v 1 Scope . 1 2 Normative references . 1 3 Terms and definitions. 2 4 Symbols and abbreviated terms . 5 5 Blood samples 6 5.1 General. 6 5.2 Sampl
11、e condition 6 5.3 Sample collection . 6 5.4 Sample storage . 7 5.5 Sample analysis 7 6 Materials 7 7 Common quality analytical elements 7 7.1 General. 7 7.2 Qualitative, quantitative and confirmatory analyses 7 7.3 Replicate analyses 7 7.4 Analytical batch 8 7.5 Open controls 8 7.6 Calibrators . 8 8
12、 Measurement of CO in blood as COHb. 8 8.1 COHb by whole-blood oximeters 8 8.2 COHb by palladium chloride reduction 10 8.3 COHb by visible spectrophotometry (using calibration curve) . 12 8.4 COHb by visible spectrophotometry (with CO saturation). 14 8.5 COHb by visible spectrophotometry (without CO
13、 saturation) . 16 8.6 COHb by headspace gas chromatography Nickel-hydrogen reduction and flame ionization detection 19 8.7 COHb by headspace gas chromatography Thermal conductivity detection. 22 9 Measurement of HCN in blood as CN23 9.1 CNby colourimetric method (p-nitrobenzaldehyde and o-dinitroben
14、zene) 23 9.2 CNby visible spectrophotometry 25 9.3 CNas HCN by headspace gas chromatography Nitrogen phosphorous detection 29 9.4 CNby headspace gas chromatography Electron capture detection 31 9.5 CNby spectrophotofluorimetry or high-performance liquid chromatography using a fluorescence detector.
15、33 9.6 CNby high-performance liquid chromatographymass spectrometry. 37 Annex A (normative) Analytical report pro forma. 41 Annex B (informative) Additional aspects of analytical methods . 43 Annex C (informative) Interpretation of results. 47 Bibliography . 52 BS ISO 27368:2008ISO 27368:2008(E) iv
16、ISO 2008 All rights reservedForeword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body intereste
17、d in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Com
18、mission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the techni
19、cal committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO sh
20、all not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 27368 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 92, Fire safety, Subcommittee SC 3, Fire threat to people and environment. BS ISO 27368:2008ISO 27368:2008(E) ISO 2008 All rights reserved vIntroduction Carbon monoxide (CO
21、) and hydrogen cyanide (HCN) are two of the primary toxic combustion gases present in fire atmospheres. Upon burning, carbon-containing substances generate CO, whereas nitrogen-containing substances also produce HCN. Since structures surrounding human beings are composed of polymeric materials conta
22、ining carbon and nitrogen elements as their constituents, these materials generate CO and HCN upon burning and fire victims are exposed to these gases by inhaling smoke. Although ISO 19701 documents methods for the analysis of CO and HCN in fire effluents, the actual toxic insult to exposed persons
23、can be assessed only by the analysis of the fire casualties blood for CO as carboxyhaemoglobin (COHb) and HCN as cyanide ion (CN). These analytical findings are useful for estimating life-threatening characteristics of fire atmospheres, evaluating the degree of toxicity caused by smoke inhalation in
24、 fire victims, determining the cause and manner of death of fire victims, improving understanding of the direct causes of fire injury and death, enhancing understanding of acute and delayed adverse effects of smoke on fire casualties, administering immediate treatment for smoke poisoning and monitor
25、ing delayed adverse effects of smoke, choosing appropriate emergency, long-term and/or follow-up treatments for surviving fire casualties, setting priorities for emergency treatment of multiple fire casualties, establishing relationships between the concentrations of CO and HCN in a fire atmosphere,
26、 blood COHb and CNlevels, and the degree of toxicity and performance impairment, achieving correlations between concentrations of the two gases in fire atmospheres and of COHb and CNin blood in order to improve tenability models, identifying deficiencies with materials, products, assemblies, structu
27、res and escape routes, and improving forensic toxicology analytical processes and procedures. Compliance with this International Standard can help ensure a consistent data set for use in a variety of fields such as a) fire statistics, which themselves are frequently used to develop regulatory policy
28、, b) international collaboration on improved design, materials and use of habitable structures, and, c) ultimately, improvement of international relations and trades. Such compliance can further assist in developing better and safer fire-safety instruments and structures (residential and commercial
29、buildings; locomotive passenger vans, automobiles, aerospace vehicles and other vehicular structures). Various different methods are currently used for obtaining blood analysis data for these two fire toxicants and the lack of standardized procedures can result in a wide variation of interpretation.
30、 It is, therefore, proposed to set out best-practice, standardized procedures for blood sample collection, sample storage, sample processing/preparation, sample treatment and transfer to analytical instrumentation, analytical instrumentation BS ISO 27368:2008ISO 27368:2008(E) vi ISO 2008 All rights
31、reservedand techniques, data presentation and reporting, and guidance for data interpretation. The analytical methods included herein are based upon their suitability for performing an analysis on ante-mortem and post-mortem blood samples from fire victims and are commonly used in forensic toxicolog
32、ical analytical operations. This International Standard is structured as follows. Clause 1 describes the scope of this International Standard. Clause 2 cites the normative references. Clause 3 provides terms and their definitions. Clause 4 lists symbols and abbreviated terms. Clause 5 provides a gen
33、eral description of collecting, storing and analysing blood samples. Clause 6 covers the quality of materials used during an analysis. Clause 7 summarizes common quality analytical elements. Clause 8 describes analytical methods for measuring CO as COHb. Clause 9 delineates analytical methods for me
34、asuring HCN as CNin blood. Annex A (normative) lists the information crucial for reporting blood analysis results. Annex B (informative) outlines additional aspects of analytical methods. Annex C (informative) discusses the interpretation of results, including the interactive effects of CO and HCN.
35、The bibliography includes references cited in this International Standard. BS ISO 27368:2008INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 27368:2008(E) ISO 2008 All rights reserved 1Analysis of blood for asphyxiant toxicants Carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide SAFETY PRECAUTIONS Due consideration shall be given to th
36、e fact that both the blood samples for the analyses of asphyxiant toxicants, carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen cyanide (HCN), and many of the reagents used for their analyses can be biohazardous and/or toxic and can thereby pose serious health hazards. It is recommended that the collection of blood
37、samples from fire victims be performed by medical practitioners and in accordance with best practices established by the medical authorities in the area. Additionally, it is assumed that the procedures described herein are carried out by suitably qualified professional personnel, adequately trained
38、in the hazards and risks associated with the handling of biological samples and such analyses and aware of any safety regulations that can be in effect. Consideration shall also be given to the safe and ecologically acceptable disposal of all biological samples and chemicals used for analyses. This
39、can require extensive and specific treatment prior to release of the waste into the environment. Again, it is assumed in this International Standard that the personnel responsible for the safe disposal of such bio-samples and reagents are suitably qualified and trained in these procedures and techni
40、ques and are aware of the regulations that can be in force. 1 Scope This International Standard details analytical methods suitable for analysing the two primary toxic combustion gases, carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen cyanide (HCN), in blood samples collected from fire casualties. In blood, CO is
41、measured as carboxyhaemoglobin (COHb) and HCN as cyanide ion (CN). Although numerous methods are reported in the literature for performing blood COHb and CNanalyses, the analytical methods included herein are based upon their suitability for performing the analysis on ante-mortem and post-mortem blo
42、od samples from fire casualties. The analytical principle, analysis time, repeatability, reproducibility, robustness, effectiveness and instruments used are considered for those methods. Some of the methods described herein might not be suitable for analysing putrid or clotted blood. Burned (solid)
43、blood can be analysed after homogenization. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any ame
44、ndments) applies. ISO 3696:1987, Water for analytical laboratory use Specification and test methods ISO 13344, Estimation of the lethal toxic potency of fire effluents ISO/TS 13571, Life-threatening components of fire Guidelines for the estimation of time available for escape using fire data ISO 139
45、43, Fire safety Vocabulary ISO 19701, Methods for sampling and analysis of fire effluents BS ISO 27368:2008ISO 27368:2008(E) 2 ISO 2008 All rights reserved3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 19701, ISO 13344, ISO/TS 13571, ISO 13943, ISO
46、3696, and the following apply. 3.1 analyte substance that is being identified or determined in a specimen during an analysis EXAMPLES COHb and CN. 3.2 analytical batch set of aliquots taken out from the specimens associated with various cases (fire casualties) and from negative and positive blind co
47、ntrols for performing a particular type of analysis 3.3 asphyxiant toxicant causing loss of consciousness and ultimately death resulting from hypoxic (deficiency-of-oxygen) effects, particularly on the central nervous and/or cardiovascular systems 3.4 blind controls open controls but their identity
48、is unknown to the analysts See open controls (3.20). 3.5 calibrator material that is based on, or traceable to, a reference preparation or material and whose values are determined by acceptable reference methods 3.6 carboxyhaemoglobin compound formed when CO combines with haemoglobin NOTE Haemoglobi
49、n has an affinity for binding to CO that is approximately 245 times higher than that for binding to oxygen; thereby the ability of haemoglobin to carry oxygen is seriously compromised during CO poisonings (see C.3.3 and Reference 73). 3.7 Cheyne-Stokes respiration breathing pattern characterized by rhythmic waxing and waning of the depth of respiration, with regularly recurring periods of breathing cessation 3.8 cutaneous blood vessels blood vessels relating to, or
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