1、raising standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI Standards PublicationBS ISO 28600:2011Surface chemical analysis Data transfer format forscanning-probe microscopyBS ISO 28600:2011 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK imp
2、lementation of ISO 28600:2011.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee CII/60, Surface chemical analysis.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessaryp
3、rovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. BSI 2011ISBN 978 0 580 66877 7ICS 71.040.40Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee
4、on 31 July 2011.Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedBS ISO 28600:2011Reference numberISO 28600:2011(E)ISO 2011INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO28600First edition2011-07-01Surface chemical analysis Data transfer format for scanning-probe microscopy Analyse chimique des surfaces Format de tr
5、ansfert de donnes pour la microscopie sonde balayage BS ISO 28600:2011ISO 28600:2011(E) COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2011 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including ph
6、otocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in S
7、witzerland ii ISO 2011 All rights reservedBS ISO 28600:2011ISO 28600:2011(E) ISO 2011 All rights reserved iiiContents Page Foreword iv Introduction . v 1 Scope 1 2 Normative references 1 3 Description of the format 1 3.1 General . 1 3.2 The components of the meta-language 2 3.3 Basic structure 2 3.4
8、 Header structure 2 3.5 Basic definitions of the common terms 3 3.6 Definitions of header items 3 3.7 Data array conventions for mapping . 9 3.8 Measurement geometry 11 Annex A (informative) Spatial geometry and types of scanner 12 Annex B (informative) Data acquisition geometry . 15 Annex C (inform
9、ative) Annotated examples of the data format . 16 Annex D (informative) Examples of the data format . 26 Bibliography 27 BS ISO 28600:2011ISO 28600:2011(E) iv ISO 2011 All rights reservedForeword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
10、 bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organiza
11、tions, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in t
12、he ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of
13、 the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 28600 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 201, Surface
14、chemical analysis, Subcommittee SC 3, Data management and treatment. BS ISO 28600:2011ISO 28600:2011(E) ISO 2011 All rights reserved vIntroduction In surface topographical and chemical analyses, many commercial instruments for scanning-probe microscopy (SPM) are operated under various environments.
15、These SPM instruments provide the scientists and engineers with a wide range of analytical techniques and many operating parameters to vary. Since the whole of the data acquisition and processing of SPM can be digitally controlled by a computer with data storage devices, all the parameters and data
16、can be recorded in digital files. However, since there has been no standard data format for SPM, the data taken by different manufacturers instruments are difficult to transfer, exchange, share and archive. Besides, the complexity of the data processing required for the interpretation of the data ma
17、kes it essential to keep a complete record of data acquisition and data pre-processing. Thus a standard format for the transfer of data is required to enhance communication, to interpret and treat the data taken by different instruments consistently and to reduce the uncertainty of data analysis. BS
18、 ISO 28600:2011BS ISO 28600:2011INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 28600:2011(E) ISO 2011 All rights reserved 1Surface chemical analysis Data transfer format for scanning-probe microscopy 1 Scope This International Standard specifies a format for the transfer of scanning-probe microscopy (SPM) data from com
19、puter to computer via parallel interfaces or via serial interfaces over direct wire, local area network, global network or other communication links. The transferred data is encoded in those characters that appear on a normal computer display or printer. The format is designed for the data of SPM su
20、ch as scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and related surface analytical methods using pointed probes scanned over sample surfaces. The format covers the data taken by single-channel imaging, multiple-channel imaging and single-point spectroscopy. The format can be ex
21、panded to two-dimensional spectroscopy mapping in a future version. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced doc
22、ument (including any amendments) applies. ISO 14976, Surface chemical analysis Data transfer format 3 Description of the format 3.1 General The basic ideas of the data transfer format for SPM are for the format to be readable, writable and transferable by using normal computer systems and communicat
23、ion facilities, to be flexible enough for the future expansion of SPM derivatives and to be general enough to accommodate various kinds of physical quantity to be measured. To ensure the ease of data operation and telecommunication, it is advantageous to use only those characters that appear on a no
24、rmal display or printing devices since there is no difficulty in transferring these by communications protocols and manual checking of the data is possible. This is the principle upon which the design of the format is based. This principle is similar to those of the pre-existing International Standa
25、rds ISO 149751and ISO 14976 (see Clause 2) for surface chemical analysis and ISO 220292for microbeam analysis. The main body of this International Standard provides the description of the format and relevant conventions. Annex A describes the spatial geometry and types of scanner. Annex B explains t
26、ypical data acquisition geometries, Annex C gives annotated examples of the format and Annex D gives actual examples of the format. BS ISO 28600:2011ISO 28600:2011(E) 2 ISO 2011 All rights reserved3.2 The components of the meta-language The meta-language comprises a notation for specifying a set of
27、rules for generating a linear sequence of characters. Only characters generated by the rules are to be inserted in the sequence. How to define the meta-language should follow ISO 14976. The following is a summary of the symbols specified in the meta-language: * follows an integer specifying the numb
28、er of occurrences. - precedes a syntactic-exception in a syntactic-term. , separates successive syntactic-terms in a single-definition. | separates alternative single-definitions in a definitions-list. = separates the definitions-list from the meta-identifier being defined in a syntax-rule. ; termin
29、ates a syntax-rule. and or “ and “ enclose characters to form a terminal string, representing the characters as they are generated. (* and *) enclose a comment to form a bracketed-textual-comment, giving additional information for the human reader. ( and ) enclose a definitions-list to form a groupe
30、d-sequence, grouping items together in the usual algebraic sense. and enclose a definitions-list to form a repeated-sequence, a syntactic-primary which may occur zero or more times. and enclose a definitions-list to form an optional-sequence, a syntactic-primary which may be omitted or included once
31、. ? and ? enclose text to form a special-sequence, a syntactic-primary described in a language other than the meta-language. 3.3 Basic structure For the flexibility for future expansion and the generality of data type, the basic structure of the format is a simple sequential text file using ASCII co
32、des that represent alphabetic and numeric characters, where ASCII means American Standard Code for Information Interchange. Since there are different ASCII sets, it is important to define “character” as in ISO 14976. An ASCII text file can be viewed in a text editor. Because the most predominant use
33、 of SPM is a two-dimensional single-channel mapping, the format should firstly correspond to the major need for image data transfer. Other than simple image data, the other important uses of SPM are multiple-channel imaging and spectroscopy. Thus, the format should cover the multi-channel mapping da
34、ta and single-point spectroscopy data. The SPM data transfer format can be saved as *.spm, i.e. with the filename extension .spm. The file format consists of a header and data. The number and positions of header items are pre-determined so that one can know exactly the positions where the individual
35、 header items are located. Following the header items, the data is described in lines, depending on the data type. For example, regularly spaced single-channel SPM image data can be stored in the following format: Data format = header items + a single-column data array Temporal sequences of data res
36、ulting from continuous SPM experiments are not covered. 3.4 Header structure The overall structure of the header shall follow the basic principle of the pre-existing standard data format in ISO 14976. However, a set of modifications with respect to ISO 14976 is needed for the header information of S
37、PM data transfer format. Although it would be helpful to use the same terminology and vocabulary standardized for the conventional surface chemical analysis data transfer format, since a considerable effort was made to ensure a precise form of words34, a significant number of new terms need to be ad
38、ded as the header items for the precise specification of SPM data. BS ISO 28600:2011ISO 28600:2011(E) ISO 2011 All rights reserved 3The header consists of 128 lines, including blank ones. Each line is terminated by an end-of-line or EOL character which is a special character or a sequence of charact
39、ers indicating the end of a line of text. In the case of the ASCII character set or a compatible character set, an EOL is signified by either carriage return (CR) or line feed (LF) individually, or carriage return followed by line feed (CR+LF). It should be noted that the actual code representing an
40、 EOL character is dependent on the operating systems used for individual hardware. The header section shall include the items shown in 3.5 and 3.6 to specify the measurement specifications of SPM imaging or single-point spectroscopy. In order to make it easier for the users to understand the format
41、and to code the data treatment programmes, a format identifier and labels shall be included in the format. 3.5 Basic definitions of the common terms character = (* A character is the character SPACE or any of the 94 graphic characters specified in the American National Standard for Information Syste
42、ms Coded character sets 7-bit American national standard code for information interchange (7-bit ASCII), ANSI X3.4-1986. *); decimal number = sign, digit, . , digit , EOL; digit = 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9; EOL = ? 7-bit ASCII character indicating the end of the text line ?; integer = si
43、gn, digit , EOL; one or more = integer; (* The value of one or more shall be greater than zero. *); two or more = integer; (* The value of two or more shall be greater than one. *); real number = decimal number, E, sign, digit , EOL; sign = + | ; text line = 80*character, EOL; units = ( A | C | c/s,
44、| d | degree | eV | Hz | K | m | micro m | m/s | N | n | nA | nm | N/m | Pa | s | V ), EOL; (* These values are abbreviations for the units listed below: A amps C coulombs c/s counts per second d dimensionless just a number, e.g. counts per channel degree angle in degree eV electron volts Hz hertz K
45、 kelvins m metres micro m micrometres m/s metres per second N newtons n not defined here may be given in a label nA nanoamps nm nanometres N/m newtons per metre Pa pascals s seconds V volts *); 3.6 Definitions of header items (*1*) format identifier = ISO/TC 201 SPM data transfer format, EOL; (*2*)
46、label line = general information, EOL; (*3*) institution identifier = text line; (* character string identifying the institution responsible for the data, for example: NIMS. *); (*4*) instrument model identifier = text line; (* character string identifying the instrument used for the data acquisitio
47、n.*); For a commercial SPM system, “manufacturers name” and “machine-codename” shall be specified to identify the instrument used. In the case of a homemade system, “homemade” and/or “machine-code” BS ISO 28600:2011ISO 28600:2011(E) 4 ISO 2011 All rights reservedmay be used for the identification. (
48、*5*) operator identifier = text line; (* character string identifying the operator, for example: Fujita *); (*6*) experiment identifier = text line; (* character string identifying the experiment *); Generally, the original file name is a suitable candidate for the experimental identifier in order t
49、o identify the raw data file to be transferred. (*7*) comment line = text line; (* character strings describing the summary of the SPM measurement. *); (*8*) experiment mode = (MAP_SC|MAP_MC|SPEC_SC|SPEC_MC|), EOL; (* character string identifying the SPM measurement. MAP_SC = A complete set of single-channel data values for every point in a regula
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