1、raising standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI Standards PublicationBS ISO 2889:2010Sampling airborne radioactivematerials from the stacks andducts of nuclear facilitiesBS ISO 2889:2010 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is th
2、e UK implementation of ISO 2889:2010. Itsupersedes BS 5243:1975 which is withdrawn.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee NCE/2, Radiation protection and measurement.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.
3、This publication does not purport to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. BSI 2010ISBN 978 0 580 55468 1ICS 13.040.01; 13.280; 17.240Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard w
4、as published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 December 2010.Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedBS ISO 2889:2010Reference numberISO 2889:2010(E)ISO 2010INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO2889Second edition2010-03-15Sampling airborne radioactive material
5、s from the stacks and ducts of nuclear facilities chantillonnage des substances radioactives contenues dans lair dans les conduits et missaires de rejet des installations nuclaires BS ISO 2889:2010ISO 2889:2010(E) PDF disclaimer This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobes
6、 licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobes licensing policy. T
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8、as been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below. COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2010 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no pa
9、rt of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Case postale
10、56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ii ISO 2010 All rights reservedBS ISO 2889:2010ISO 2889:2010(E) ISO 2010 All rights reserved iiiContents Page Foreword iv Introduction.v 1 Scope1 2 Normative references1
11、 3 Terms and definitions .1 4 Symbols10 5 Factors impacting the sampling program.14 6 Sample extraction locations.14 6.1 General requirements for sample extraction locations.14 6.2 Creteria for the homogeneity of the air stream at sampling locations15 6.3 Designing effluent discharge systems for sam
12、pler placement16 7 Sampling system design 16 7.1 Volumetric flow measurement .17 7.2 Nozzle design and operation for extracting aerosol particles19 7.3 Sample transport for particles .21 7.4 Gas and vapour sample extraction and transport .23 7.5 Collection of particle samples .24 7.6 Collection of g
13、as and vapour samples25 7.7 Evaluation and upgrading of existing systems26 7.8 Summary of performance criteria and recommendations 26 8 Quality assurance and quality control 27 Annex A (informative) Techniques for measurement of flow rate through a stack or duct29 Annex B (informative) Modelling of
14、particle losses in transport systems33 Annex C (informative) Special considerations for the extraction, transport and sampling of radioiodine .41 Annex D (informative) Optimizing the selection of filters for sampling airborne radioactive particles45 Annex E (informative) Evaluating the errors and th
15、e uncertainty for the sampling of effluent gases.49 Annex F (informative) Mixing demonstration and sampling system performance verification57 Annex G (informative) Transuranic aerosol particulate characteristics Implications for extractive sampling in nuclear facility effluents 64 Annex H (informati
16、ve) Tritium sampling and detection 68 Annex I (informative) Action levels .71 Annex J (informative) Quality assurance .76 Annex K (informative) Carbon-14 sampling and detection.80 Annex L (informative) Factors impacting sampling system design 83 Annex M (informative) Sampling nozzles and probes.89 A
17、nnex N (informative) Stack sampling and analysis for ruthenium-106.96 Bibliography97 BS ISO 2889:2010ISO 2889:2010(E) iv ISO 2010 All rights reservedForeword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work
18、of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-government
19、al, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The mai
20、n task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Att
21、ention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 2889 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 85, Nuclear energy, Subcommittee SC 2, Radiation pro
22、tection. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 2889:1975), which has been technically revised. BS ISO 2889:2010ISO 2889:2010(E) ISO 2010 All rights reserved vIntroduction This International Standard focuses on monitoring the activity concentrations and activity releases of
23、radioactive substances in air in stacks and ducts. Other situations for monitoring the activity concentrations and activity releases of radioactive substances in air (environmental or workplace monitoring) are being addressed in subsequent standards. This International Standard provides performance-
24、based criteria for the use of air-sampling equipment, including probes, transport lines, sample collectors, sample monitoring instruments and gas flow measuring methods. This International Standard also provides information covering sampling programme objectives, quality assurance, development of ai
25、r monitoring control action levels, system optimization and system performance verification. ISO 2889 was first published in 1975 as a guide to sampling airborne radioactive materials in the ducts, stacks, and working environments of installations where work with radioactive materials is conducted.
26、Since then, an improved technical basis has been developed for each of the major sampling specialities. The focus of this International Standard is on the sampling of airborne radioactive materials in ducts and stacks. The goal of achieving an unbiased, representative sample is best accomplished whe
27、re samples are extracted from airstreams in which potential airborne contaminants are well mixed in the airstream. This International Standard sets forth performance criteria and recommendations to assist in obtaining valid measurements of the concentration of airborne radioactive materials in ducts
28、 or stacks. BS ISO 2889:2010BS ISO 2889:2010INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 2889:2010(E) ISO 2010 All rights reserved 1Sampling airborne radioactive materials from the stacks and ducts of nuclear facilities 1 Scope This International Standard sets forth performance-based criteria and recommendations for
29、the design and use of systems for sampling of airborne radioactive materials in the effluent air from the ducts and stacks of nuclear facilities. The requirements and recommendations of this International Standard are aimed at sampling that is conducted for regulatory compliance and system control.
30、If existing air-sampling systems are not designed to the performance requirements and recommendations of this International Standard, an evaluation of the performance of the system is advised. If deficiencies are discovered, a determination of whether or not a retrofit is needed and practicable is r
31、ecommended. It can be impossible to meet the requirements of this International Standard in all conditions with a sampling system designed for normal operations only. Under off-normal conditions, the criteria or recommendations of this International Standard still apply; however, for accident condit
32、ions, special or separate accident air sampling systems can be necessary. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenc
33、ed document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 10780:1994, Stationary source emissions Measurement of velocity and volume flowrate of gas streams in ducts 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 abatement equipment apparatus used
34、 to reduce contaminant concentration in the airflow exhausted through a stack or duct 3.2 absorbent material that takes up a constituent through the action of diffusion, allowing the constituent to penetrate into the structure of the absorbent (if a solid) or dissolve in it (if a liquid) NOTE When a
35、 chemical reaction takes place during absorption, the process is called chemisorption. 3.3 accident (conditions) upset conditions that can lead to the release of abnormal amounts of radionuclides BS ISO 2889:2010ISO 2889:2010(E) 2 ISO 2010 All rights reserved3.4 accuracy closeness of agreement betwe
36、en a measured quantity and the true quantity of the measurand 3.5 action level threshold concentration of an effluent contaminant at which it is necessary to perform an appropriate action 3.6 adsorbent material, generally a solid, that retains a substance contacting it through short-range molecular
37、forces that bind the adsorbed material at the surface of the material 3.7 aerodynamic diameter Dafor a particle of arbitrary shape and density, the diameter of a sphere with density 1 000 kg/m3that has the same sedimentation velocity in quiescent air as the arbitrary particle 3.8 aerosol dispersion
38、of solid or liquid particles in air or other gas NOTE An aerosol is not only the aerosol particles. 3.9 aerosol, monodisperse aerosol comprised of (solid or liquid) particles that are all of approximately the same size NOTE In general, the geometric standard deviation of the particle-size distributi
39、on of a monodisperse aerosol is less than or equal to 1,1. 3.10 aerosol, polydisperse aerosol comprised of particles with a range of sizes NOTE In general, the geometric standard deviation of the particle-size distribution of a polydisperse aerosol is greater than 1,1. 3.11 aerosol particle solid or
40、 liquid particle constituents of an aerosol 3.12 analyser device that provides for near real-time data on radiological characteristics of the gas (air) flow in a sampling system or duct NOTE An analyser usually evaluates the concentration of radionuclides in a sampled air stream; however, some analy
41、sers are mounted directly in or outside a stack or duct. 3.13 aspiration efficiency ratio of particle mass or number concentration in the nozzle inlet to the concentration in the free stream 3.14 bend gradual change in direction of a sample transport line NOTE The radius of curvature of a bend shoul
42、d be at least three times the inside diameter of the tubing. BS ISO 2889:2010ISO 2889:2010(E) ISO 2010 All rights reserved 33.15 bulk stream air flow in a stack or duct, as opposed to the sample flow rate 3.16 burial imbedding of a particle into a filter medium or the masking of a particle by subseq
43、uent deposits of particulate matter 3.17 calibration operation that, under specified conditions, initially establishes a relation between the quantity values with measurement uncertainties provided by measurement standards and corresponding indications with associated measurement uncertainties and t
44、hen uses this information to establish a relation for obtaining a measurement result from an indication 3.18 coefficient of variation COV quantity that is the ratio of the standard deviation of a variable to the mean value of that variable NOTE It is usually expressed as a percentage. 3.19 collector
45、 component of a sampling system that is used to retain radionuclides for analysis EXAMPLE A filter that is used to remove from a sample stream aerosol particles that carry alpha-emitting transuranic radionuclides or other radionuclides. 3.20 conditioning system apparatus that can be used to purposef
46、ully, in a controlled manner, change the aerosol particle concentration, gas composition, particle-size distribution, temperature or pressure in a sample stream 3.21 continuous air monitor CAM near-real-time sampler and associated detector that provide data on radionuclides (e.g. concentration of al
47、pha-emitting aerosol particles) in a sample stream 3.22 continuous monitoring continuous near-real-time measurements of one or more sampling characteristics 3.23 continuous sampling either uninterrupted sampling or sequential collection of samples obtained automatically at intervals short enough to
48、yield results that are representative for the entire sampling period NOTE The sample may be analysed in near-real-time (i.e. equivalent to monitoring) or it may be analysed post-sample-collection in a remote laboratory. 3.24 curvature ratio ratio of bend radius to the tube diameter BS ISO 2889:2010I
49、SO 2889:2010(E) 4 ISO 2010 All rights reserved3.25 depositional loss loss of constituents of the sample on the internal walls of a sampling system NOTE See also 3.92. 3.26 detection limit minimum input signal to an instrument that can be said, with a predetermined confidence level, to exceed the inherent noise of the instrument 3.27 droplet liquid aerosol particle 3.28 effective dose sum of the products of the dose absorbed by an organ or a tissue and the factors relative to the radiation and to the organs or tissues that are irradiated 3.29 e
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