1、raising standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI Standards PublicationBS ISO 28901:2011Soil quality Guidance forburial of animal carcasses toprevent epidemicsBS ISO 28901:2011 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK impleme
2、ntation of ISO 28901:2011.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee EH/4, Soil quality.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessaryprovisions of a cont
3、ract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. BSI 2011ISBN 978 0 580 66855 5ICS 13.080.99Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 October 2011.
4、Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedBS ISO 28901:2011Soil quality Guidance for burial of animal carcasses to prevent epidemicsQualit du sol Lignes directrices pour lenfouissement des carcasses danimaux pour viter une pidmie ISO 2011Reference numberISO 28901:2011(E)First edition2011-
5、09-15ISO28901INTERNATIONAL STANDARDBS ISO 28901:2011ISO 28901:2011(E)COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2011All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and micro
6、film, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester.ISO copyright officeCase postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11Fax + 41 22 749 09 47E-mail copyrightiso.orgWeb www.iso.orgPublished in Switzerlandii ISO 2011 All r
7、ights reservedBS ISO 28901:2011ISO 28901:2011(E)Contents PageForeword ivIntroduction v1 Scope 12 Normative references .13 Terms and definitions .14 Objectives and constraints .25 Planning of burial programme .35.1 Time of burial 35.2 Consideration of diseases and kind of animal carcasses infected .3
8、5.3 Selection of burial site .46 Construction of burial pit 96.1 Preparation of the site 96.2 Excavation of the burial site .106.3 Placement of lining materials and discharge pipes .106.4 Placing of carcasses in the burial pit .116.5 Coverage of burial pit after finalization of placement of carcasse
9、s 117 Maintenance after burial 127.1 Safety measures 127.2 Odour treatment .127.3 Gas discharge 127.4 Leachate treatment .127.5 Surface regrading 128 Monitoring .129 Reuse of burial sites .1210 Report and record keeping .13Annex A (informative) Examples of national specifications regarding burial of
10、 animal carcasses .14Annex B (informative) Diseases listed by the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) 22Annex C (informative) Examples of the design of protection layers for perforated drainage pipes .26Bibliography .27 ISO 2011 All rights reserved iiiBS ISO 28901:2011ForewordISO (the Interna
11、tional Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has be
12、en established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical stan
13、dardization.International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for
14、voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all s
15、uch patent rights.ISO 28901 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 190, Soil quality, Subcommittee SC 7, Soil and site assessment.ISO 28901:2011(E)iv ISO 2011 All rights reservedBS ISO 28901:2011IntroductionThe incidence of livestock epidemics such as bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), swin
16、e fever, foot and mouth disease (FMD), Newcastle disease and avian influenza (AI) are becoming increasingly more frequent and geographically widespread. These epidemics spread quickly across country borders due to rapid exchange of people, animals and products between countries. Epidemics threaten t
17、he welfare of human beings through secondary infection on other livestock, economic loss and public health. Preventing the spread of epidemics to other areas where livestock are raised is the priority. However, when this fails and the epidemic has spread, rapid and effective action should be taken t
18、o prevent the further spread of infection. Slaughter followed by disposal of infected livestock is an essential means of preventing the spread of the epidemic.Disposal methods for slaughtered livestock include: incineration, rendering, composting and burial. Burial is a method that has long been use
19、d, as it is relatively economical and does not require specialized techniques or equipment. However, it does have the potential to contaminate the receiving environment. Leachate from the buried animal carcass can pollute the soil and the surrounding waters (groundwater and surface water), and the g
20、as caused by the decomposition of the carcass produces foul. Despite such drawbacks, burial continues to be used widely, because it can limit the spread of an epidemic when massive amount of carcasses must be disposed rapidly. The objectives of this International Standard are to curtail the spread o
21、f the disease, to destroy the causative agents, and to dispose of the carcasses by burial.ISO 28901:2011(E) ISO 2011 All rights reserved vBS ISO 28901:2011BS ISO 28901:2011INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 28901:2011(E)Soil quality Guidance for burial of animal carcasses to prevent epidemics1 ScopeThis Int
22、ernational Standard provides guidance on environment-friendly burial methods of animal carcasses to prevent epidemics, to curtail the spread of the disease, to destroy the causative agents, and to dispose of the carcasses.This International Standard does not apply to the burial of animal carcasses r
23、esulting from natural death or by accident.Other methods of disposal are outside the scope of this International Standard.NOTE In some countries, infected animals or parts of animals cannot be buried on farms due to legislation but are subject to handling by licensed commercial landfills or incinera
24、tions.2 Normative referencesThe following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.ISO 10390, Soil qualit
25、y Determination of pHISO 10694, Soil quality Determination of organic and total carbon after dry combustion (elementary analysis)ISO 11260, Soil quality Determination of effective cation exchange capacity and base saturation level using barium chloride solutionISO 11272, Soil quality Determination o
26、f dry bulk densityISO 11277, Soil quality Determination of particle size distribution in mineral soil material Method by sieving and sedimentationISO 13536, Soil quality Determination of the potential cation exchange capacity and exchangeable cations using barium chloride solution buffered at pH = 8
27、,1ISO 14688-2:2004, Geotechnical investigation and testing Identification and classification of soil Part 2: Principles for a classificationISO 25177, Soil quality Field soil description3 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.3.1affected an
28、imalanimal which has been infectious or is at present infectious or is suspected of soon becoming infectious and which is to be killed to prevent epidemics3.2animal carcassdead body of an animal or parts thereof, or products of animal originNOTE Animal excreta are included in this definition. ISO 20
29、11 All rights reserved 1BS ISO 28901:20113.3burialact of burying an animal carcass3.4dischargeaction of releasing a substance such as a liquid or gas; a substance that is expelled from a defined area or location3.5disposalcollective noun for any operation to remove and discard waste3.6epidemiclarge
30、number of cases of a particular disease, usually infectious, occurring at the same time in a particular community3.7infectious wastesubstance containing viable microorganisms or their toxins which is known or reliably believed to cause disease in man or other living organismsEN 13965-1:20043.8leacha
31、teliquid percolated through a soil and containing substances in solution or suspension3.9livestockdomesticated animals, usually kept on a farmEXAMPLES Cattle, sheep, horses, pigs, chickens.3.10permeabilitymeasure of the ease with which gases, liquids, or plant roots penetrate or pass through a bulk
32、mass of soil3.11quicklimeliming material consisting mainly of calcium oxide or a mixture of calcium oxide and possibly magnesium oxide, produced by the calcination of limestone, magnesian limestone or dolomitic limestoneEN 12944-3:20013.12soil texturerelative proportions of the various particle size
33、 fractions (i.e. sand, silt, clay) in a soil according to a soil classification system3.13wildlife animalall non-domesticated animalsEXAMPLES Deer, wild boar, rodents.4 Objectives and constraintsIn the event of an epidemic in which an infectious disease either kills animals directly or causes them t
34、o be killed, urgent action is required to curtail the spread of the disease,ISO 28901:2011(E)2 ISO 2011 All rights reservedBS ISO 28901:2011 destroy the causative agents, rehabilitate those persons affected by the epidemic, return the land to profitable agriculture or other use, dis pose of the carc
35、asses, and dis pose of excreta and other obnoxious material.Four factors will constrain the work:a) The need for urgency arises because there will be a multiplicity of pathways by which the causative agents can be transmitted from live or dead animals within the area affected to animals in remote lo
36、cations. The causative agent can be spread by birds, other wildlife, or transported by wind or wind-blown dust, and water. All of these mechanisms are difficult to control.b) In an attempt to arrest some of these pathways, the site shall be quarantined, with movements of people and other animals ons
37、ite and offsite being minimized, controlled and disinfected.c) As a consequence, the work shall be constrained by what is in hand or can readily be obtained.d) Further adaptation should be made to suit local ground conditions.The number of animals involved shall also be considered.NOTE For example,
38、in one small outbreak in 2007, over 350 cattle were slaughtered on one day, and 800 pigs and 50 more cattle were slaughtered on the following day.5 Planning of burial programme5.1 Time of burialCarcasses should be buried as soon as possible after their death. However, it should be noted that postmor
39、tem livestock will gas up and increase volume by up to half. Therefore, if they are placed in a burial pit too soon and covered over, the carcasses will subsequently rapidly degas, causing large voids to form and causing cracking of cover material. Therefore, either the stock should not be covered i
40、mmediately or the carcasses should be pierced to prevent them gassing up.Once buried, decomposition and degradation processes will intensify after 24 h to 72 h (depending on the ambient temperature), which will pose additional threats to health and the environment.Each country may have a specified t
41、ime frame within which carcasses shall be buried.5.2 Consideration of diseases and kind of animal carcasses infectedWhen livestock are sufficiently believed to be infected by an epidemic, owners of livestock in the area where the epidemic has spread or may spread can be ordered to immediately eradic
42、ate the livestock. Livestock eradication requirements can differ on a national scale, depending on the form of the epidemic. Diseases listed by the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) are given in Annex B.5.2.1 Consideration of volume of carcasses to be buriedIt might be necessary to bury the
43、 following:a) carcasses and parts thereof;b) excreta, including: urine, dung, sweat, saliva, snot (nasal mucus), tears, earwax, milk, semen, “afterbirth”;c) miscellaneous droppings, for example: hair, scurf, skin, blood;ISO 28901:2011(E) ISO 2011 All rights reserved 3BS ISO 28901:2011d) infected str
44、aw, bedding mixed with dung, farmyard manure (if infected), etc.Depending on the disease, some or perhaps all of these can transmit viable causative agents.Burial volume is generally determined by the livestocks species and size. If the burial volume is uncertain, it should be assumed that no more t
45、han 300 kg of carcass per 1 m3will be permitted. Table 1 gives an indication of average livestock weight.Table 1 Average livestock weightType Kind of animal WeightkgBeef cattle Cows and bulls 550Feeder cattle 450Replacement heifers 360Calves 135Dairy cattle Cows and bulls 600Replacement heifers 450C
46、alves 135Hog Boars or sows 150Feeder pigs 100Weanling pigs 16Poultry Hens, cockerels, capons 1,8Chicks, broilers 1,5Hen turkeys, geese, ducks 8Sheep 505.3 Selection of burial site5.3.1 Deciding between onsite or offsite burialIn general, to avoid further spreading of the disease due to transport and
47、 handling, the infected livestock should be buried at the site where they are found.The principal advantages of burial over incineration are that burial tools are simple, and movements off the site where infected animal carcasses occur are minimized.When a suitable location for burial is not availab
48、le on the farm, burial would have to be off the farm.If the carcasses are buried on the farm, continuing maintenance and monitoring of the burial area are required (in relation to an existing national specification, if available); see also Clause 8. This area should be taken out of production.NOTE T
49、he presence of the pit, even if landscaped, can reduce the value of the land.5.3.2 Methods of burialThe following methods of burial are distinguished.Simple burial: The carcasses are laid into a pit and soil is placed directly on top of them, perhaps with the addition of some quicklime. In this method, earth-dwelling worms, insects, and bacteria have direct access to the carcasses and assist in their disintegration. However, large volumes of obnoxious effluent are to be expected, and the causative agents are likely
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