BS ISO 3057-1998 Non-destructive testing - Metallographic replica techniques of surface examination《无损试验 表面检验的金相复制技术》.pdf

1、BRITISH STANDARD BS ISO 3057:1998 Non-destructive testing Metallographic replica techniques of surface examination ICS77.040.20BSISO 3057:1998 This British Standard, having been prepared under the directionof the Engineering SectorBoard, was published underthe authority of the Standards Board and co

2、mes intoeffect on 15 May1998 BSI04-1999 ISBN0 580 29158 8 National foreword This British Standard reproduces verbatim ISO3057:1998 and implements it as the UK national standard. It supersedes BS5166:1974 which is withdrawn. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee

3、 WEE/46, Non-destructive testing, which has the responsibility to: aid enquirers to understand the text; present to the responsible international/European committee any enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep the UK interests informed; monitor related international and Eur

4、opean developments and promulgate them in the UK. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. Cross-references The British Standards which implement international or European publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Stan

5、dards Catalogue under the section entitled “International Standards Correspondence Index”, or by using the “Find” facility of the BSI Standards Electronic Catalogue. A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible

6、for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i and ii, theISO title page, pages ii to iv, pages 1 and 2 and a back cover. This standard

7、 has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on the inside front cover. Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date CommentsBS ISO 3057:1998 BSI 04-1999 i Contents Page National foreword Inside front cover Forewo

8、rd iii Text of ISO3057 1ii blankBS ISO3057:1998 ii BSI 04-1999 Contents Page Foreword iii 1 Scope 1 2 Surface preparation 1 2.1 Degreasing 1 2.2 Macrographic preparation 1 2.3 Micrographic preparation 1 3 Application of the replicate 1 3.1 General 1 3.2 Varnish replicate 1 3.3 Sheet replicate 1 4 Re

9、moval of the replica from the surface 1 5 Mounting and examination of the replica 2BS ISO3057:1998 BSI 04-1999 iii Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standar

10、ds is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take

11、 part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International S

12、tandard requires approval by at least75% of the member bodies casting a vote. International Standard ISO3057 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC135, Non-destructive testing, Subcommittee SC2, Surface methods. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO3057:1974), which has

13、 been technically revised. Descriptors: Tests, non-destructive tests, microscopic analysis, surface condition, examination, replicas.iv blankBSISO 3057:1998 BSI 04-1999 1 1 Scope This International Standard specifies techniques of surface examination in which a transparent nitrocellulose varnish, or

14、 plastic material, with or without supports, is used to record inhomogeneities, both mechanical and metallurgical, in the condition of a metal surface. The techniques specified in this International Standard have the advantage of being suitable for some locations where access is restricted. In addit

15、ion, the replicas can be inspected on site with low-power optical aids or they may be transferred to a laboratory and examined under a powerful metallurgical microscope. 2 Surface preparation 2.1 Degreasing The surface shall be thoroughly cleaned, degreased and dried. This is achieved by the applica

16、tion of a suitable, approved solvent followed by acetone or alcohol and drying in heated air. 2.2 Macrographic preparation This preparation is applicable to all surfaces, including those resulting from service conditions, and to fracture faces. It calls for nothing more than the cleaning, degreasing

17、 and drying referred to in2.1 above. 2.3 Micrographic preparation 2.3.1 This is intended for examination aimed at revealing the metallurgical state of the surface. After degreasing, the surface shall be subjected to series of mechanical grinding operations followed by series of mechanical polishing

18、operations, each one progressively finer than the preceding one. In general, the dressing of the surface need not extend to a depth of more than0,2mm. In many cases, it will be considerably less. During these operations, care should be taken to avoid over-heating and work-hardening the metal by ensu

19、ring that excessive pressure is not applied to the polishing tool. It is advisable to criss-cross successive grinding and polishing runs and to clean the surface after each run with acetone or alcohol. 2.3.2 The mechanical polishing described above shall be followed by a final polishing. This may be

20、 done in any of the following ways: 1) by electrolytic means using suitable equipment and electrolyte; 2) by electrolytic means in a small bath; 3) by mechanical polishing with diamond paste or other compounds that will produce the desired surface. After the polishing has been completed, the surface

21、 shall be cleaned and dried as described in2.1. The final stage of the surface preparation is etching with an appropriate reagent(s). After etching, the surface shall once again be cleaned and dried as described in2.1. 3 Application of the replicate 3.1 General All possible precautions shall be take

22、n to ensure that the replicate is applied under the driest possible conditions with all dust excluded. 3.2 Varnish replicate The varnish shall be transparent and of a nitrocellulose or plastic base. Great care shall be taken not to agitate it prior to application, as such agitation can give rise to

23、the formation of air bubbles which have a detrimental effect on results. The varnish shall be spread over the surface by a means that does not give rise to turbulence, air bubbles and brush marks, so as to form a thin layer of uniform thickness. The varnish shall be allowed to dry in accordance with

24、 the manufacturers recommendations. 3.3 Sheet replicate 3.3.1 The surface to be examined and/or the replica shall be moistened with a suitable solvent. A piece of sheet plastic material of suitable composition and size and of a thickness that will ensure a durable and representative replica shall be

25、 placed over the surface. 3.3.2 It is recommended that the central part of the plastic sheet be placed near the middle of the surface to be examined. This facilitates the removal of displaced solvent and thus helps to avoid the formation of creases and air bubbles. To help the plastic sheet to adher

26、e to the metal surface, it might be necessary to apply pressure to it with the fingers, starting at the middle and pressing out in the direction of two opposite edges. 4 Removal of the replica from the surface 4.1 The replica shall be carefully removed from the surface in such a manner as to keep it

27、 in one piece. 4.2 Great care should be taken to maintain a smooth, continuous action and to avoid finger marking the replica while this is being done.BSISO3057:1998 2 BSI 04-1999 5 Mounting and examination of the replica 5.1 The replica shall be examined in either reflected or direct light. For exa

28、mination in reflected light, the replica shall be fixed to a mirror or to a metal plate with a good reflecting surface (for example by means of adhesive tape) in such a way that the surface containing the impression is facing the objective lens of a microscope. Alternatively, the surface not contain

29、ing the impression may be made reflecting by vacuum deposition of aluminium on it. 5.2 For examination in direct light, the replica shall be treated as though it were a lantern slide and mounted between two glass plates and its image projected on to a screen. NOTEIt is very important to ensure that

30、the replica is not damaged, either by stretching during mounting or by excessive heat from the light source during examination.blankBS ISO 3057:1998 BSI 389 Chiswick High Road London W4 4AL BSIBritishStandardsInstitution BSI is the independent national body responsible for preparing BritishStandards

31、. It presents the UK view on standards in Europe and at the international level. It is incorporated by Royal Charter. Revisions BritishStandards are updated by amendment or revision. Users of BritishStandards should make sure that they possess the latest amendments or editions. It is the constant ai

32、m of BSI to improve the quality of our products and services. We would be grateful if anyone finding an inaccuracy or ambiguity while using this BritishStandard would inform the Secretary of the technical committee responsible, the identity of which can be found on the inside front cover. Tel:020899

33、69000. Fax:02089967400. BSI offers members an individual updating service called PLUS which ensures that subscribers automatically receive the latest editions of standards. Buying standards Orders for all BSI, international and foreign standards publications should be addressed to Customer Services.

34、 Tel:02089969001. Fax:02089967001. In response to orders for international standards, it is BSI policy to supply the BSI implementation of those that have been published as BritishStandards, unless otherwise requested. Information on standards BSI provides a wide range of information on national, Eu

35、ropean and international standards through its Library and its Technical Help to Exporters Service. Various BSI electronic information services are also available which give details on all its products and services. Contact the Information Centre. Tel:02089967111. Fax:02089967048. Subscribing member

36、s of BSI are kept up to date with standards developments and receive substantial discounts on the purchase price of standards. For details of these and other benefits contact Membership Administration. Tel:02089967002. Fax:02089967001. Copyright Copyright subsists in all BSI publications. BSI also h

37、olds the copyright, in the UK, of the publications of the international standardization bodies. Except as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 no extract may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, photocopying, record

38、ing or otherwise without prior written permission from BSI. This does not preclude the free use, in the course of implementing the standard, of necessary details such as symbols, and size, type or grade designations. If these details are to be used for any other purpose than implementation then the prior written permission of BSI must be obtained. If permission is granted, the terms may include royalty payments or a licensing agreement. Details and advice can be obtained from the Copyright Manager. Tel:02089967070.