BS ISO 4365-2005 Liquid flow in open channels - Sediment in streams and canals - Determination of concentration particle size distribution and relative density《明渠水流 河、河渠泥沙 含沙量、粒度分布.pdf

1、BRITISH STANDARD BS ISO 4365:2005 Liquid flow in open channels Sediment in streams and canals Determination of concentration, particle size distribution and relative density ICS 17.120.20 BS ISO 4365:2005 This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Co

2、mmittee on 23 March 2005 BSI 23 March 2005 ISBN 0 580 45657 9 National foreword This British Standard reproduces verbatim ISO 4365:2005 and implements it as the UK national standard. It supersedes BS 3680-10D:1986 which is withdrawn. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical

3、 Committee CPI/113, Hydrometry, which has the responsibility to: A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. Cross-references The British Standards which implement international publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI C

4、atalogue under the section entitled “International Standards Correspondence Index”, or by using the “Search” facility of the BSI Electronic Catalogue or of British Standards Online. This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its

5、 correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. aid enquirers to understand the text; present to the responsible international/European committee any enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep the UK interest

6、s informed; monitor related international and European developments and promulgate them in the UK. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the ISO title page, pages ii to v, a blank page, pages 1 to 47 and a back cover. The BSI copyright notice displayed in thi

7、s document indicates when the document was last issued. Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date Comments Reference number ISO 4365:2005(E) OSI 5002INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 4365 Second edition 2005-02-01 Liquid flow in open channels Sediment in streams and canals Determination of concentr

8、ation, particle size distribution and relative density Mesure de dbit des liquides dans les canaux dcouverts Sdiments dans les cours deau et dans les canaux Dtermination de la concentration, de la distribution granulomtrique et de la densit relative BSISO4365:2005IS:5634 O5002(E) DPlcsid Fremia ihTs

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13、e.r ISO cirypothg fofice saCe tsopale 65 eneG 1121-HC 02 av leT. 4 + 10 947 22 1 11 xaF0 947 22 14 + 9 74 E-mail coirypthgiso.o gr We bwww.is.o gro Pulbisdehi n Switlrez dnaii ISO 5002 Allr ithgsr esedevrBSISO4365:2005IS:5634 O5002(E) I SO 5002 All irthgs ersedevr iiiContents Page Foreword iv Introd

14、uction v 1 Scope 1 2 Normative references . 1 3 Terms and definitions. 1 4 Units of measurement 2 5 Properties of sediment . 2 5.1 General. 2 5.2 Properties of individual particles 2 5.3 Bulk characteristics 3 6 Sampling 3 7 Suspended sediment concentration. 3 7.1 Methods for determining the suspend

15、ed sediment concentration . 3 7.2 Expression of concentration . 4 8 Particle-size analysis 5 8.1 Particle-size analysis of suspended sediment 5 8.2 Particle size analysis of bed load and bed material 5 8.3 Expression of the particle-size distribution . 6 9 Determination of relative density 8 10 Dete

16、rmination of particle-size distribution characteristics 8 11 Data processing 8 Annex A (normative) Determination of the concentration of suspended sediment by the evaporation method (for coarse sediment particles) 9 Annex B (normative) Determination of the concentration of suspended sediment by the

17、filtration method using filter paper. 11 Annex C (normative) Determination of the concentration of suspended sediment by the filtration method using gooch or other crucibles .13 Annex D (normative) Determination of the particle-size distribution of suspended sediment 15 Annex E (normative) Determina

18、tion of the particle-size distribution of bed-load and bed material . 19 Annex F (normative) Determination of the relative density of sediment 43 Annex G (normative) Determination of the particle-size distribution characteristics. 44 Bibliography . 47 BSISO4365:2005IS:5634 O5002(E) iv I SO 5002 All

19、irthgs ersedevrForeword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subjec

20、t for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

21、 on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committee

22、s are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be he

23、ld responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 4365 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 113, Hydrometry, Subcommittee SC 6, Sediment transport. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 4365:1985), which has been technically revised. BSISO4365:2005IS:5

24、634 O5002(E) I SO 5002 All irthgs ersedevr vIntroduction In dealing with problems of sedimentation and sediment transport, knowledge of the concentration and the characteristics of the sediment, such as particle size distribution and relative density, is of great importance. For this purpose, sedime

25、nt samples are collected by suitable samplers and analysed in a laboratory. The results of the analysis are used in the calculation of sediment load, mean diameter and other characteristics. BSISO4365:2005BSISO4365:2005INTENRATIONAL TSANDADR IS:5634 O5002(E)I SO 5002 All irthgs ersedevr 1Liquid flow

26、 in open channels Sediment in streams and canals Determination of concentration, particle size distribution and relative density 1 Scope This International Standard specifies methods for determining the concentration, particle-size distribution and relative density of sediment in streams and canals.

27、 NOTE The detailed methods of analysis are set out in the annexes. Annexes A, B and C deal with the determination of the suspended sediment concentration by evaporation and filtration. Annexes D and E deal with the particle-size analysis of suspended sediment and outline the procedures for the bed-l

28、oad and bed material sediment, respectively. Annex F deals with the determination of the relative density of sediment and Annex G with the determination of particle size distribution characteristics. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of t

29、his document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 772, Hydrometric determinations Vocabulary and symbols ISO 4363, Measurement of liquid flow in open channels Methods for m

30、easurement of characteristics of suspended sediment ISO 4364, Measurement of liquid flow in open channels Bed material sampling 3 Terms and definitions For the purpose of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 772 and the following apply. 3.1 bed-load sediment in almost continuous con

31、tact with the bed, carried forward by rolling, sliding or hopping 3.2 bed material sediment of which the stream bed in composed 3.3 bed material load that part of the total sediment transported consisting of the bed material whose rate of movement is governed by the transporting capacity of the chan

32、nel 3.4 nominal diameter diameter of a sphere of the same volume as the given particle BSISO4365:2005IS:5634 O5002(E) 2 I SO 5002 All irthgs ersedevr3.5 projected diameter diameter of the smallest circle that encloses the projected image of a particle when viewed in the plane of maximum stability 3.

33、6 sediment concentration ratio of the mass or volume of dry sediment in a water-sediment mixture to the total mass or volume of the suspension NOTE When reporting, it is necessary to mention whether mass concentration or volume concentration is reported. 3.7 sedimentation diameter diameter of a sphe

34、re having the same relative density and terminal settling velocity as a given particle in the same sedimentation fluid 3.8 sieve diameter width of a square opening through which the given particles will just pass 3.9 relative density ratio of the mass of a given volume of sediment to the mass of an

35、equal volume of water 3.10 suspended load that part of the total sediment transported which is maintained in suspension by turbulence in the flowing water for considerable periods of time without contact with the streambed NOTE The sediment moves practically with the same velocity as that of the flo

36、wing water. It is generally expressed as a mass or volume per unit of time. 4 Units of measurement The units of measurement used in this International Standard are those of the International System of Units (SI). 5 Properties of sediment 5.1 General The transport of sediment depends as much upon the

37、 properties of the sediment as upon the hydraulic characteristics of the flow. The properties of sediment are defined by individual particle characteristics and bulk characteristics. 5.2 Properties of individual particles Sediment size is the most commonly used parameter to designate the properties

38、of individual particles. While the size of sediment and its packing directly affect the roughness of the bed, the settling velocity of the particles characterizes their reaction to flow and governs the movement of the sediment. This, in turn, depends upon the relative density, shape and size of the

39、particle. Since particles of natural sediment are of irregular shape, a single length or diameter has to be chosen to characterize the size. Four such diameters, i.e. nominal diameter, projected diameter, sedimentation diameter and sieve diameter, are used for different particle sizes or purposes (f

40、or example, sieve diameter for coarse BSISO4365:2005IS:5634 O5002(E) I SO 5002 All irthgs ersedevr 3and medium particles, sedimentation diameter for fine particles that are not usually separated by sieves). The nominal diameter has little significance in sediment transport, but is useful in the stud

41、y of sedimentary deposits. 5.3 Bulk characteristics As sediments consist of large numbers of particles differing in size, shape, relative density, settling velocity, etc., it is essential to find some parameters that can represent the characteristics of the group of particles as a whole. Therefore,

42、a sample of sediment is usually divided into class intervals according to characteristics (size, settling velocity, etc.) and the percentage by mass of the total in each interval is determined for the particular characteristic. Frequency distribution curves can be drawn from these data and the sedim

43、ent parameters (mean, standard deviation, etc.) determined. 6 Sampling Samples of suspended sediment shall be collected as specified in ISO 4363. 7 Suspended sediment concentration 7.1 Methods for determining the suspended sediment concentration 7.1.1 General Suspended sediment concentrations may be

44、 determined by the following methods: a) evaporation method; b) filtration method; c) hydrometer method (also used for determining particle size). NOTE Although the evaporation method 7.1.1 a) requires less time, the filtration method 7.1.1 b) has the advantage that the fractions collected can be ph

45、otographed on the filters and are available for further examination. However, the filtration method is prone to greater loss of material, whereas in the evaporation method, the ratio of sample mass to tare mass is small. Therefore, no hard and fast guidelines can be provided for the choice of method

46、, and it is necessary to judge each case on its merits. 7.1.2 Evaporation method The evaporation method is specified in Annex A. 7.1.3 Filtration method 7.1.3.1 The filtration may be carried out using either a filter paper in a conical glass funnel or a glass-fibre filter disc in a Coors or a Gooch

47、crucible, or a fritted glass or an Alundum crucible, with the application of a vacuum aspirator system to accelerate the passage of the filtrate. The filtration method using a filter paper and a funnel is specified in Annex B. BSISO4365:2005IS:5634 O5002(E) 4 I SO 5002 All irthgs ersedevr7.1.3.2 Fil

48、ter discs of glass fibre made without organic bindings, such as Whatman grade 934 AH or Gelman type A/E or Millipore type AP 40 or equivalent 1) , can be used in a suitable filtration apparatus such as 25 ml to 40 ml capacity Coors or Gooch crucible with adapter. The filtration method using a glass-

49、fibre filter disk is specified in Annex C. 7.1.3.3 A fritted glass crucible is made of Pyrex 2)or other resistance glass, the base of the crucible is fusion-fitted with a porous fritted disc insert. The crucible is available in different porosity grades, such as coarse, medium and fine (of pore size 40 m to 60 m, 10 m to 15 m and 4 m to 5,5 m, respectively). The particular grade should be selected according to the nature of the