BS ISO 4386-2-2012 Plain bearings Metallic multilayer plain bearings Destructive testing of bond for bearing metal layer thicknesses greater than or equal to 2 mm《滑动轴承 多层金属滑动轴承 厚度大.pdf

1、raising standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI Standards PublicationBS ISO 4386-2:2012Plain bearings Metallic multilayer plain bearingsPart 2: Destructive testing of bond for bearing metal layer thicknesses greater than or equal to 2 mmBS ISO 438

2、6-2:2012 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO 4386-2:2012. It supersedes BS 7585-2:1992, which is withdrawn.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee MCE/12, Plain bearings.A list of organizations represented on thi

3、s committee can be obtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. The British Standards Institution 2012. Published by BSI Standards Limited 2012.ISBN 978 0 580 73562 2 I

4、CS 21.100.10 Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 November 2012.Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedBS ISO 4386-2:2012 ISO 2012Pla

5、in bearings Metallic multilayer plain bearings Part 2: Destructive testing of bond for bearing metal layer thicknesses greater than or equal to 2 mmPaliers lisses Paliers lisses mtalliques multicouches Partie 2: Dtermination, par essai destructif, de ladhrence du matriau antifriction dpaisseur supri

6、eure ou gale 2 mmINTERNATIONAL STANDARDISO4386-2Second edition2012-10-15Reference numberISO 4386-2:2012(E)BS ISO 4386-2:2012ISO 4386-2:2012(E)ii ISO 2012 All rights reservedCOPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2012All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reprod

7、uced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester.ISO copyright officeCase postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20Tel. + 41 22 749 0

8、1 11Fax + 41 22 749 09 47E-mail copyrightiso.orgWeb www.iso.orgPublished in SwitzerlandBS ISO 4386-2:2012ISO 4386-2:2012(E) ISO 2012 All rights reserved iiiContents PageForeword ivIntroduction v1 Scope . 12 Normative references 13 Principle 14 Test equipment. 14.1 General . 14.2 Testing apparatus .

9、25 Specimen . 25.1 General . 25.2 Specimen machining sequence . 46 Procedure. 57 Evaluation 57.1 General . 57.2 Designation 67.3 Test report . 68 Application for quality control and process qualification 78.1 General . 78.2 Quality control . 78.3 Process qualification 7BS ISO 4386-2:2012ISO 4386-2:2

10、012(E)ForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for whic

11、h a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all ma

12、tters of electrotechnical standardization.International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circul

13、ated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsibl

14、e for identifying any or all such patent rights.ISO 4386-2 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 123, Plain bearings, Subcommittee SC 2, Materials and lubricants, their properties, characteristics, test methods and testing conditions.This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (I

15、SO 4386-2:1982), which has been technically revised.ISO 4386 consists of the following parts, under the general title Plain bearings Metallic multilayer plain bearings: Part 1: Non-destructive ultrasonic testing of bond of thickness greater than or equal to 0,5 mm Part 2: Destructive testing of bond

16、 for bearing metal layer thicknesses greater than or equal to 2 mm Part 3: Non-destructive penetrant testingiv ISO 2012 All rights reservedBS ISO 4386-2:2012ISO 4386-2:2012(E)IntroductionLong years of experience with bond tests led to an adaptation of this part of ISO 4386. The test apparatus has be

17、en modified, to reduce the negative local bending stress influence on the specimen. The geometry of the test specimen has been modified to avoid negative influence due to tolerances. A description of the specimen machining sequence has been added to get a more uniform specimen. A subclause on the ap

18、plication for quality control has been added. ISO 2012 All rights reserved vBS ISO 4386-2:2012BS ISO 4386-2:2012Plain bearings Metallic multilayer plain bearings Part 2: Destructive testing of bond for bearing metal layer thicknesses greater than or equal to 2 mm1 ScopeThis part of ISO 4386 specifie

19、s a tensile test method for determination of the bond strength between the bearing metal and the backing. The test can be applied to multilayer plain bearings with bearing metals based on lead, tin, copper or aluminium. For tested layer thicknesses of 2 mm, a raw lining thickness of a minimum additi

20、onal 1 mm is necessary.The backings are from steel, cast steel or copper alloys. The bond strength test does not apply to bearings with cast iron backing.The test applies to all thrust bearings and to journal bearings with an inner diameter of backing 90 mm.The test can be used for comparative inves

21、tigations into the influence on the bond strength of various processes and types of material. In addition, the test is suitable for production control and for process qualification of bearing production.For non-destructive ultrasonic testing of the bond between bearing metal and backing for bearing

22、metal layer thicknesses 2 mm, see ISO 4386-1.2 Normative referencesThe following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of

23、the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.ISO 4381, Plain bearings Tin casting alloys for multilayer plain bearings3 PrincipleDuring the tensile testing carried out vertically to the bond surface, the bond strength RCh, in newtons per square millimetre, is the quotient of the maximu

24、m force, Fmax, in newtons and the bond surface, A, in square millimetres, of the specimen (see Table 2).NOTE The subscript “Ch” refers to the test method proposed by Chalmers.RFACh=max(1)4 Test equipment4.1 GeneralA calibrated tensile testing machine shall be used with apparatus in accordance with T

25、able 1.By means of careful adjustment of the apparatus, it shall be ensured that the force is acting vertically to the bond surface in order to avoid incorrect measurements.INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 4386-2:2012(E) ISO 2012 All rights reserved 1BS ISO 4386-2:2012ISO 4386-2:2012(E)4.2 Testing apparat

26、usKey1 distance tube2 nutFigure 1 Main dimensions of apparatusNOTE Details not indicted in this part of ISO 4386 are expected to be chosen accordingly.Table 1 Dimensions and tolerances for test apparatusDimensions in millimetresType of speci-menApparatus geometry datad4d6d7d8d9t9001+ ,001+ ,010,n.a.

27、 n.a. n.a.T 100 8,1 19,8 15,9 M 8 19 4T 200 12,1 29,1 23,9 M 12 28 45 Specimen5.1 GeneralTin casting alloys for multilayer plain bearings are specified in ISO 4381.For selection of the type of specimen in the case of journal bearings, the inner diameter, d1, of the bearing has to be considered.Speci

28、men T 100 is valid from the minimum diameter d1= 90 mm up to d1= 200 mm.Specimen T 200 is valid for all diameters d1 200 mm.2 ISO 2012 All rights reservedBS ISO 4386-2:2012ISO 4386-2:2012(E)For the thrust bearings specimen, T 100 and T 200 may be used. Whenever possible, T 200 should be preferred.Bo

29、th bearing metal faces shall be machined as a precondition for fixing the bearing metal layer on the test apparatus to avoid bending deformation of the bearing metal during test procedure. Use test apparatus in accordance with Table 1.Specimens shall be manufactured in accordance with Table 2, Figur

30、e 2 and 5.1.Table 2 Dimensions and tolerances for specimens (see Figure 2)Dimensions in millimetresType of specimenBond surfaceInner diameter of the backing of journal bearingSpecimen geometry dataA mm2d1d2d3d4d5h8 H8001+ ,T 100 100 90 - 200 19,60 16 8,1 29T 200 200 200 28,85 24 12,1 38Key1 backing2

31、 bearing metal3 bond surface equal to test surfaceFigure 2 Specimen (from a journal bearing) for bond testing ISO 2012 All rights reserved 3BS ISO 4386-2:2012ISO 4386-2:2012(E)5.2 Specimen machining sequenceSpecimen machining sequenceStep 1: a) tighten raw specimen with bearing metal towards chuck b

32、) machine d5c) machine backing front plane to thickness ZT 100 T 200Key 1 before machining 2 after machining Figure 3 Step 1d5= 29 Z = 8 10d5= 38 Z = 10 12Step 2: a) reverse specimen and tighten with back-ing towards chuck b) drill d4c) machine d5machine d2Machine the reference plane 0,1 mm deep int

33、o the steel, referred to the deepest point of bond surface d) machine bearing metal front face plane The raw lining thick-ness shall be min. 3 mmKey 1 before machining 2 after machining 3 reference plane Figure 4 Step 2d4= 8,1 001+ ,d5= 29 d2= 19,60 h8d4= 12,1 001+ ,d5= 38 d2= 28,85 h84 ISO 2012 All

34、 rights reservedBS ISO 4386-2:2012ISO 4386-2:2012(E)Step 3: a) reverse speci-men and tighten with bearing metal towards chuck b) machine d3with depth Z1Radius R = 0,1 mm Key 1 before machining 2 after machining Figure 5 Step 3d3= 16,0 H8 Z1001+ ,= Z + 0,9d3= 24,0 H8 Z1001+ ,= Z + 0,96 ProcedureThe a

35、pparatus, as shown in Figure 1, is mounted on the calibrated tensile testing machine. Subsequently, the specimen is locked into the apparatus, whereas the bearing metal surfaces are fixed to avoid local bending. For that purpose, hand tighten the nut (see Figure 1).The force is steadily increased un

36、til the specimen fractures.The increase in stress should be at about 10 N/mm2s.The force of the specimen fracture is read from the testing machine.7 Evaluation7.1 GeneralWith the aid of the force of failure, Fmax, found necessary to tear the bearing metal away from the backing in the region of the b

37、ond surface, the bond strength, RCh, is to be determined according to Formula (1). Previous existing local bond defects on the surface of failure shall be noted.The characteristic limiting value of layer thickness for the absolute bond strength is a property of the bearing metal. It is 6 mm for Pb a

38、nd Sn alloys. For other than Pb and Sn alloys, the value shall be determined in a series of tests with different thicknesses of the bearing material layers. Above the limit, the results are independent of the layer thickness.Absolute bond strength is given when the layer thickness is greater than or

39、 equal to the characteristic limiting value of thickness. The result is independent of the layer thickness of the bearing metal.Relative bond strength is given when the layer thickness is less than the characteristic limiting value of thickness. For layer thicknesses below the limiting value of thic

40、kness, it has been established experimentally that the relative bond strength drops linearly to the value zero (see Figure 2).The evaluation procedure is as follows:a) layer thickness greater than or equal to characteristic limiting value of thickness: the value found is the absolute bond strength v

41、alue;Specimen machining sequence ISO 2012 All rights reserved 5BS ISO 4386-2:2012ISO 4386-2:2012(E)b) layer thickness less than characteristic limiting value of thickness: the value found is the relative bond strength value and has to be converted into the value of the absolute bond strength as show

42、n in Figure 2 (as an example).All results of absolute bond strength shall be limited to the tensile strength, Rm, of the tested bearing metal.KeyX thickness of bearing metal layerY bond strength1 relative bond strength2 limiting value3 absolute bond strengthRCh1measured value in the range of the rel

43、ative bond strengthRCh2value of the absolute bond strength determined graphicallyFigure 6 Principle curve of the bond strength as a function of the thickness of the bearing metal layer7.2 DesignationWith reference to this part of ISO 4386, the tensile test (represented by T) shall be indicated in th

44、e following order, for example a test surface of 200 mm2is designated as follows: Test ISO 4386-2, 2009- T 2007.3 Test reportA test report on the result of the test shall be drawn up (by agreement) .In the test report, the following shall be indicated:a) reference to this part of ISO 4386, i.e. ISO

45、4386-2;b) reference to the tested plain bearing;c) dimensions, layer thickness and materials of the plain bearing;d) type of specimen, for example T 200;e) number of specimens;6 ISO 2012 All rights reservedBS ISO 4386-2:2012ISO 4386-2:2012(E)f) for each specimen: maximum force applied until fracture

46、 of the specimen; relative and absolute bond strength determined; description of the condition of the fractured surface inclusive of detected local bond defects or porosities;g) summary of a test series: mean value of absolute bond strength; maximum absolute bond strength; minimum absolute bond stre

47、ngth;h) test personnel and date of test.8 Application for quality control and process qualification8.1 GeneralThe bond strength depends on many influences, such as backing material quality, heat treatment of backing material, preparation of bond surface, bearing metal composition, casting temperatur

48、e, backing temperature, backing geometry, cooling conditions, specimen machining tolerances and the test procedure itself.Because of all these influences, in practice, bond strength results may vary. Less variation of results of a tested series is an indication for high uniformity in processing.A su

49、fficient number of specimens shall be taken from the test bearing. Specimens should be taken from the centre area of the bearing as well as from the area near the border and should be marked accordingly.A test with a single specimen gives no quality indication. For a quality indication, the mean value of a series of tests shall be taken.8.2 Quality controlThrough this test procedure, usually the bearing will be destroyed. Therefore, this test procedure is not applicable to