BS ISO 4993-2015 Steel and iron castings Radiographic testing《钢铁铸件 X光线照相术检验》.pdf

1、BSI Standards PublicationBS ISO 4993:2015Steel and iron castings Radiographic testingBS ISO 4993:2015 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO 4993:2015. It supersedes BS ISO 4993:2009 which is withdrawn.The UK participation in its preparation was entrus

2、ted to Technical Committee ISE/111, Steel Castings and Forgings.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application

3、. The British Standards Institution 2015.Published by BSI Standards Limited 2015ISBN 978 0 580 76495 0 ICS 77.040.20; 77.140.80 Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strateg

4、y Committee on 30 September 2015.Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate T e x t a f f e c t e dBS ISO 4993:2015 ISO 2015Steel and iron castings Radiographic testingPices moules en acier ou en fonte Contrle radiographiqueINTERNATIONAL STANDARDISO4993Third edition2015-09-15Reference number

5、ISO 4993:2015(E)BS ISO 4993:2015ISO 4993:2015(E)ii ISO 2015 All rights reservedCOPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2015, Published in SwitzerlandAll rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic o

6、r mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester.ISO copyright officeCh. de Blandonnet 8 CP 401CH-1214 Vernier, Genev

7、a, SwitzerlandTel. +41 22 749 01 11Fax +41 22 749 09 47copyrightiso.orgwww.iso.orgBS ISO 4993:2015ISO 4993:2015(E)Foreword ivIntroduction v1 Scope . 12 Normative references 13 Terms and definitions . 14 Basis of purchase 15 General 25.1 Protection against ionizing radiation 25.2 General requirements

8、 . 26 Testing parameters 27 Personnel qualifications. 38 Testing arrangements . 39 Film position plan . 39.1 Film position plan for pilot radiography 39.2 Film position plan for production radiography 310 Rejection/acceptance criteria 411 Foundry responsibility . 4Annex A (normative) Examination arr

9、angements . 5Annex B (informative) Techniques for increasing the covered thickness range .11Annex C (informative) Choice of radiation source .14 ISO 2015 All rights reserved iiiContents PageBS ISO 4993:2015ISO 4993:2015(E)ForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwid

10、e federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that

11、 committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.The procedures used to develop this docume

12、nt and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives

13、, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development

14、of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement.For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific

15、 terms and expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISOs adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information.The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 17, Steel, Subcommitte

16、e SC 11, Steel castings.This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 4993:2009), which has been technically revised with the following changes: Clause 12 has been deleted; B.3, B.4, B.5: ISO 5579 has been added; C.3, “light alloys and copper”, has been deleted.iv ISO 2015 All righ

17、ts reservedBS ISO 4993:2015ISO 4993:2015(E)IntroductionRadiography can be used to detect internal discontinuities in castings. The discontinuities can have higher or lower densities than the parent metal. ISO 2015 All rights reserved vBS ISO 4993:2015BS ISO 4993:2015Steel and iron castings Radiograp

18、hic testing1 ScopeThis International Standard specifies the general requirements for the radiography of steel and iron castings by means of X-rays or gamma-rays, in accordance with procedures given in ISO 5579 and ISO 19232.2 Normative referencesThe following documents, in whole or in part, are norm

19、atively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.ISO 5579, Non-destructive testing Radiographic testing of meta

20、llic materials using film and X- or gamma rays Basic rulesISO 19232-1, Non-destructive testing Image quality of radiographs Part 1: Determination of the image quality value using wire-type image quality indicatorsISO 19232-2, Non-destructive testing Image quality of radiographs Part 2: Determination

21、 of the image quality value using step/hole-type image quality indicatorsISO 19232-3, Non-destructive testing Image quality of radiographs Part 3: Image quality classesISO 19232-4, Non-destructive testing Image quality of radiographs Part 4: Experimental evaluation of image quality values and image

22、quality tablesISO 19232-5, Non-destructive testing Image quality of radiographs Part 5: Determination of the image unsharpness value using duplex wire-type image quality indicatorsASTM E186, Standard Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (2 to 4 1/2 in. 50.8 to 114 mm) Steel CastingsASTM E192, Stan

23、dard Reference Radiographs for Investment Steel Castings for Aerospace ApplicationsASTM E280, Standard Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (4 1/2 to 12 in. 114 to 305 mm) Steel CastingsASTM E446, Standard Reference Radiographs for Steel Castings up to 2 in. (50.8 mm) in ThicknessASTM E689, Standa

24、rd Reference Radiographs for Ductile Iron CastingsASTM E802, Standard Reference Radiographs for Gray Iron Castings up to 4 1/2 in. (114 mm) in ThicknessASTM E2660, Standard Digital Reference Images for Investment Steel Castings for Aerospace Applications3 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of thi

25、s document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 5579 apply.4 Basis of purchaseThe request for radiographic testing and all pertinent information relating thereto, such as sensitivity, coverage, and acceptance criteria, shall be indicated in the enquiry and order.Unless otherwise specified in the

26、enquiry and order, the radiographic coverage may be of two types, i.e. pilot or regular production inspection. For both types, the manufacturing plan shall show the area INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 4993:2015(E) ISO 2015 All rights reserved 1BS ISO 4993:2015ISO 4993:2015(E)to be examined and the frequ

27、ency of testing and shall be subject to agreement between the supplier and purchaser.If requirements are imposed for which there is not an accepted International Standard or other standard available, a detailed specification of such requirements shall be provided.Castings with a complex geometry mig

28、ht include areas which cannot be radiographically inspected or can only be partly inspected. Such areas shall be identified before starting the radiographic examination. Areas which cannot be radiographically inspected shall be noted by all contracting parties and be marked on the film position plan

29、.5 General5.1 Protection against ionizing radiationLocal, national, or international safety precautions shall be applied when using ionizing radiation.WARNING Exposure of any part of the human body to X-rays or gamma-rays can be highly harmful to health.5.2 General requirementsThis International Sta

30、ndard shall be used in combination with ISO 5579.6 Testing parametersUnless otherwise requested in the enquiry and order, the radiographic testing may be performed at any point in the manufacturing cycle, before or after the final heat-treatment.The surface shall be conditioned, if necessary, so tha

31、t surface irregularities cannot mask or be confused with discontinuities.Any type of penetrameter or image quality indicator may be used, provided that the sensitivity level indicated by the purchaser is achieved.The following items shall be agreed upon between contracting parties:a) manufacturing s

32、tage;b) extent of examination;c) examination areas;d) surface condition;e) test class according to ISO 5579 (it is recommended that the examination be performed in accordance with ISO 5579);f) information about the film position plan;g) marking of examination areas on the casting;h) image quality va

33、lue, in accordance with ISO 19232;i) marking of the films;j) acceptance criteria.Any additional items shall be agreed upon between the contracting parties.Radiographs shall be evaluated by comparison to reference radiographs.2 ISO 2015 All rights reservedBS ISO 4993:2015ISO 4993:2015(E)7 Personnel q

34、ualificationsOperations shall be carried out by qualified personnel. The system of qualification shall be agreed upon between the purchaser and manufacturer and shall form a part of the technical specification or be stated in the enquiry.8 Testing arrangementsThe testing arrangements shall be in acc

35、ordance with Annex A.9 Film position plan9.1 Film position plan for pilot radiographyWhen requested in the order or enquiry, preliminary shooting sketches shall be prepared by the supplier for submission with the radiographs of the pilot casting for approval by the customer. These sketches shall sho

36、w the area of the part to be examined and shall include the following information for each exposure:a) gamma source or kilovoltage used;b) location of radiation source in relation to the area covered and the film;c) physical size of the source;d) area covered by the film;e) placement of the film and

37、 location markers;f) film-to-source distance;g) placement of the image quality indicators or penetrameters and the image quality value;h) section thickness;i) number and types of films used;j) film identification;k) thickness and type of intensifying screens;l) value of density required;m) geometric

38、al unsharpness;n) conditions of development of films.9.2 Film position plan for production radiographyThe preliminary film position plan may, by agreement between the supplier and the purchaser, be adjusted at the time of the examination of the first casting sample. Subsequent production castings sh

39、all be examined in accordance with the finalized shooting sketches, which shall include the information listed in 9.1. Any new criteria established for the radiography of the production castings, such as changes in the percentage of coverage for the part or changes in the acceptance standards, shall

40、 be stated. ISO 2015 All rights reserved 3BS ISO 4993:2015ISO 4993:2015(E)10 Rejection/acceptance criteriaThe rejection/acceptance criteria shall be specified in the purchase order and shall be based on ASTM E446, ASTM E186, ASTM E280, ASTM E192, ASTM E689, ASTM E802, and ASTM E2660, wherever applic

41、able.11 Foundry responsibilityUnless otherwise specified at the time of the enquiry or order, the responsibility of the manufacturer is limited to the attainment of the criteria specified in the order, in all castings, or portions of castings specifically calling for radiographic examination. Castin

42、gs or portions of castings not required to be radiographically examined by the foundry shall not be subject to rejection based upon the results of any subsequent radiographic examination. Also, castings shall not be subject to rejection based upon radiographic re-examination subsequent to their acce

43、ptance on the basic of the original radiography if such examination is carried out by techniques other than those agreed upon at the time of the enquiry and order and/or in a manner different from that described in the finalized shooting sketch (see 9.2).4 ISO 2015 All rights reservedBS ISO 4993:201

44、5ISO 4993:2015(E)Annex A (normative) Examination arrangementsA.1 GeneralThe examination arrangements to be used could be in accordance with the following: Figures A.1, A.2, A.3, A.4, A5 and A.6 for test areas of simple section; Figure A.7 for double-wall radiography; Figures A.8, A.9, A.10, A.11 and

45、 A.12 for test areas of complex section.If these arrangements are not applicable, other arrangements may be used.A.2 Single-wall radiography of plane areasThe examination arrangement for single-wall radiography of plane areas shall be in accordance with Figure A.1.A.3 Single-wall radiography of curv

46、ed areasThe test arrangement for single-wall radiography of curved areas shall be in accordance with Figure A.2, Figure A.3, or Figure A.4.If possible, the source of radiation should be placed in accordance with the arrangements shown in Figure A.3 and Figure A.4 to achieve a more suitable direction

47、 of examination. The reduction in minimum source-to-object distance should not be greater than 40 % provided that the image quality requirements are met. ISO 5579 should be taken into account.When the source is located centrally inside the object and the film outside (technique shown in Figure A.4)

48、and provided that the image quality indicator (IQI) requirements are met, this percentage can be increased. However, it is recommended that the reduction in minimum source-to-object distance be not greater than 50 %. Rigid cassettes can be used if the corresponding increase in distance, b, is consid

49、ered for the calculation of the distance f between the source and source side of the test object.A.4 Double-wall radiography of plane and curved areasA.4.1 GeneralThe examination arrangement for double-wall radiography of plane and curved areas shall be in accordance with Figure A.5, Figure A.6, or Figure A.7.Double-wall radiography shall be used as an overview technique in accordance with Figure A.7 if the geometrical conditions make other examination arrangements difficult to apply or if there is a better sensi