1、BSI Standards PublicationBS ISO 7503-3:2016Measurement of radioactivity Measurement andevaluation of surfacecontaminationPart 3: Apparatus calibrationBS ISO 7503-3:2016 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO 7503-3:2016.The UK participation in its prep
2、aration was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee NCE/2, Radiation protection and measurement.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for i
3、ts correctapplication. The British Standards Institution 2016.Published by BSI Standards Limited 2016ISBN 978 0 580 79388 2ICS 13.280Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Stra
4、tegy Committee on 31 January 2016.Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate T e x t a f f e c t e dBS ISO 7503-3:2016 ISO 2016Measurement of radioactivity Measurement and evaluation of surface contamination Part 3: Apparatus calibrationMesurage de la radioactivit Mesurage et valuation de la
5、 contamination de surface Partie 3: talonnage de lappareillageINTERNATIONAL STANDARDISO7503-3Second edition2016-01-15Reference numberISO 7503-3:2016(E)BS ISO 7503-3:2016ISO 7503-3:2016(E)ii ISO 2016 All rights reservedCOPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2016, Published in SwitzerlandAll rights reserved
6、. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at
7、 the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester.ISO copyright officeCh. de Blandonnet 8 CP 401CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, SwitzerlandTel. +41 22 749 01 11Fax +41 22 749 09 47copyrightiso.orgwww.iso.orgBS ISO 7503-3:2016ISO 7503-3:2016(E)Foreword ivIntroduction v1 Scope . 12 Norma
8、tive references 13 Terms, definitions, symbols, and abbreviated terms . 23.1 Terms and definitions . 23.2 Symbols and abbreviated terms. 24 Surface contamination evaluation methods 35 Principal direct calibration methodology including summation correction 45.1 General . 45.2 Calibration for radionuc
9、lides with single emission decay schemes . 45.3 P-factor for radionuclides with uncomplex decay schemes 65.4 P-factors for radionuclides with complex decay schemes 75.5 Generic estimation of instrument response 85.5.1 Determination of the energy response of the instrument . 85.5.2 Modelling of the d
10、ecay paths of the radionuclide of interest 95.5.3 Determination of the overall instrument response 125.5.4 Alternative determination of the overall instrument response .125.6 Conclusion 126 Test report 12Annex A (normative) Alternative calibration methodology .14Annex B (informative) Direct surface
11、contamination evaluation: Numeric calibration examples 25Annex C (informative) Surface contamination evaluation for radionuclide mixtures 37Annex D (informative) Calibration for the indirect evaluation of surface contaminations .40Annex E (informative) Application of ISO 11929 for the direct evaluat
12、ion of surface contaminations 44Annex F (informative) Application of ISO 11929 for the indirect evaluation of surface contaminations 55Bibliography .63 ISO 2016 All rights reserved iiiContents PageBS ISO 7503-3:2016ISO 7503-3:2016(E)ForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is
13、 a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represen
14、ted on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.The procedures used to develop
15、this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC
16、 Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the d
17、evelopment of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement.For an explanation on the meaning of I
18、SO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISOs adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary informationThe committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 85, Nuclear
19、energy, nuclear technologies, and radiological protection, Subcommittee SC 2, Radiological protection.This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 7503-3:1996), which has been technically revised.ISO 7503 consists of the following parts, under the general title Measurement of radi
20、oactivity Measurement and evaluation of surface contamination: Part 1: General principles Part 2: Test method using wipe-test samples Part 3: Apparatus calibrationiv ISO 2016 All rights reservedBS ISO 7503-3:2016ISO 7503-3:2016(E)IntroductionISO 7503 gives guidance on the measurement of surface cont
21、amination. ISO 7503 is applicable to many situations where radioactive contamination can occur. Contamination arises from the release of radioactivity into the local environment. In most circumstances, the release is inadvertent but, on occasion, may be deliberate. Although the purpose and scope of
22、the investigation may differ, the approaches taken to measure the levels and extent of the contamination are essentially similar.Radioactive contamination can arise from a number of activities or events such as the following: routine laboratory use of radio-chemicals; medical treatments; industrial
23、applications; transport accidents; equipment malfunctions; malevolent incidents; nuclear accidents.Without process knowledge or documentation, it is not always possible to identify or distinguish the different radionuclides constituting a surface contamination, and the evaluation of such a contamina
24、tion cannot be made on a quantitative basis. Instead of using instruments with nuclide specific calibrations, it may be necessary to use other instruments which are fit for such a purpose.However, there may be cases (e.g. a contaminated fuel material transport container) where the radionuclide or th
25、e radionuclide mixture can be clearly characterized. A surface contamination evaluation exceeding a pure qualitative assessment of fixed and removable surface contamination may then be needed. Moreover, following requirements laid down in national regulations and in international conventions, a meas
26、ured surface contamination activity per unit area should be compared with surface contamination guideline values or surface contamination limits.Surface contamination guideline values are radionuclide-specific and thus require complex radionuclide-specific calibrations of measurement equipment. Cali
27、bration quality assurance is crucial in order to avoid non-detection (i.e. type II decision errors) leading to incorrectly assuming compliance with given surface contamination guideline values or limits. Evaluation of surfaces contaminated by a mixture of radionuclides with known ratios requires res
28、pectively proportionated calibration factors.ISO 7503 is concerned with the measurement and estimation of radioactivity levels. It does not provide advice on decommissioning, planning and surveillance techniques.Surface contamination is specified in terms of activity per unit area and the limits are
29、 based on the recommendations by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP 103).This part of ISO 7503 deals with a nuclide specific calibration methodology that incorporates summation corrections. Annex A provides calibration methods which are simplified in respect of radionuclid
30、e emission data treatment. ISO 2016 All rights reserved vBS ISO 7503-3:2016BS ISO 7503-3:2016Measurement of radioactivity Measurement and evaluation of surface contamination Part 3: Apparatus calibration1 ScopeISO 7503 and ISO 8769 are addressed to the people responsible for determining the radioact
31、ivity present on solid surfaces.This part of ISO 7503 applies to the evaluation of contamination on surfaces in terms of activity per unit area by direct and indirect methods of measurement and deals with the complex aspects of instrument calibration.This part of ISO 7503 is applicable to well-defin
32、ed surfaces, such as those of equipment and facilities, containers of radioactive materials, sealed sources, and buildings or land.This part of ISO 7503 can be used for laboratory and equipment/installation control and for remediation and monitoring activities to comply with release criteria.This pa
33、rt of ISO 7503 also refers to the following: calibration laboratories or institutions dealing with radionuclides with complex emission characteristics or radionuclides for which no reference calibration sources are available; institutions confronted with the task to evaluate surface contaminations c
34、onsisting of a radionuclide mixture; institutions/authorities controlling nuclear material transports or material/equipment clearance according to national legislation guideline values or international convention limits.This part of ISO 7503 does not apply to contamination of the skin, clothing, or
35、loose material, such as gravel.NOTE Direct evaluation of surface contamination from alpha-emitters, beta-emitters and photon emitters is dealt with in ISO 7503-1. The test method using wipe-test samples for the evaluation of radioactive surface contaminations is dealt with in ISO 7503-2.2 Normative
36、referencesThe following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applie
37、s.ISO 7503-1, Measurement of radioactivity Measurement and evaluation of surface contamination Part 1: General principlesISO 7503-2, Measurement of radioactivity Measurement and evaluation of surface contamination Part 2: Test method using wipe test samplesISO 8769, Reference sources Calibration of
38、surface contamination monitors Alpha-, beta- and photon emittersINTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 7503-3:2016(E) ISO 2016 All rights reserved 1BS ISO 7503-3:2016ISO 7503-3:2016(E)ISO 11929, Determination of the characteristic limits (decision threshold, detection limit and limits of the confidence interval
39、) for measurements of ionizing radiation Fundamentals and applicationISO/IEC 17025, General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratoriesIEC 60325, Radiation protection instrumentation Alpha, beta and alpha/beta (beta energy 60 keV) contamination meters and monitors3 Terms,
40、 definitions, symbols, and abbreviated terms3.1 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 7503-1 and ISO 7503-2 and the following apply.3.1.1emission probability of a radionuclideratio of the number of particles of a given type above a given energ
41、y or of photons created per unit time by a given radionuclide to the number of decays of this radionuclide per unit time3.1.2emergence factor of a sourceratio of the number of particles of a given type or of photons created or released within the source (for a thin source) or its saturation layer th
42、ickness (for a thick source) per unit time and the number of particles of the same type above a given energy or of photons emerging from the front face of a source or its window per unit time (surface emission rate)3.1.3source efficiencyratio of the number of particles of a given type above a given
43、energy or of photons emerging from the front face of a source or its window per unit time (surface emission rate) and the number of particles of the same type or of photons created or released within the source (for a thin source) or its saturation layer thickness (for a thick source) per unit time3
44、.2 Symbols and abbreviated termsFor the purposes of this part of ISO 7503, the symbols given in ISO 7503-1 and ISO 7503-2 and the following apply.peprobability of a particle emerging from the surfacepcprobability of a particle emerging from the surface of a calibration sourceP inverse of probability
45、 of a particle emerging from the surfaceEi,jemergence factor of a source for a given energy or energy region i and for the radiation type j (alpha or beta or photon radiation)aicomponent i of radionuclide decay pathi,jinstrument efficiency for a given energy or energy region i and for the radiation
46、type j (alpha or beta or photon radiation) in s1/s1kiabundance of radionuclide decay path iC(A)ndirect method activity calibration factor for the radionuclide n in (Bqcm2)/s1SGactive calibration source area equal to the averaging area for the surface contamination guideline value in cm22 ISO 2016 Al
47、l rights reservedBS ISO 7503-3:2016ISO 7503-3:2016(E)i,jsummarized emission intensity data for a given energy region and for the radiation type j (alpha or beta or photon radiation)Gnradionuclide specific surface contamination guideline value of a radionuclide n in Bqcm2rG,ninstrument net count rate
48、 equivalent to the radionuclide specific surface contamination guideline value Gnfor a radionuclide n in s1MG,nmultiple of the surface contamination guideline value GnE,maxmaximum beta radiation energy in MeVPdprobability for a surface contamination monitor to detect a decay cascade of n stepsAs,nac
49、tivity per unit area of fixed and removable contamination of a radionuclide n in Bq cm2C(A)mdirect method activity calibration factor for a given radionuclide mixture m with known radionuclide contribution to the mixture in (Bqcm2)/s1Gmsurface contamination guideline value for a given radionuclide mixture m with known radionuclide contribution to the mixture in Bqcm2fnfraction of radionuclide n in the radionuclide mixtureAs,mactivity per unit area of fixed and removable contamination of a radionuclide mi
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