BS ISO 8178-9-2012 Reciprocating internal combustion engines Exhaust emission measurement Test cycles and test procedures for test bed measurement of exhaust gas smoke emissions frt.pdf

1、raising standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI Standards PublicationBS ISO 8178-9:2012Reciprocating internal combustion engines Exhaust emission measurementPart 9: Test cycles and test procedures for test bed measurement of exhaust gas smoke emis

2、sions from compression ignition engines operating under transient conditionsBS ISO 8178-9:2012 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO 8178-9:2012. It supersedes BS ISO 8178-9:2000, which is withdrawn.The UK participation in its preparation was entruste

3、d to T e c h n i c a l C o m m i t t e e M C E / 1 4 / - / 3 , R I C e n g i n e s - E m i s s i o n s .A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are

4、 responsible for its correct application. The British Standards Institution 2012Published by BSI Standards Limited 2012ISBN 978 0 580 70772 8 ICS 13.040.50; 27.020 Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority

5、 of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 August 2012.Amendments issued since publicationDate T e x t a f f e c t e dBS ISO 8178-9:2012 ISO 2012Reciprocating internal combustion engines Exhaust emission measurement Part 9: Test cycles and test procedures for test bed measurement of exhau

6、st gas smoke emissions from compression ignition engines operating under transient conditionsMoteurs alternatifs combustion interne Mesurage des missions de gaz dchappement Partie 9: Cycles et procdures dessai pour le mesurage au banc dessai des missions de fumes de gaz dchappement des moteurs alter

7、natifs combustion interne allumage par compression fonctionnant en rgime transitoireINTERNATIONAL STANDARDISO8178-9Second edition2012-08-15Reference numberISO 8178-9:2012(E)BS ISO 8178-9:2012ISO 8178-9:2012(E)ii ISO 2012 All rights reservedCOPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2012All rights reserved. Un

8、less otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester.ISO

9、copyright officeCase postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11Fax + 41 22 749 09 47E-mail copyrightiso.orgWeb www.iso.orgPublished in SwitzerlandBS ISO 8178-9:2012ISO 8178-9:2012(E) ISO 2012 All rights reserved iiiContents PageForeword ivIntroduction v1 Scope 12 Normative references . 13 Te

10、rms and definitions . 24 Symbols and units 45 Test conditions . 55.1 Ambient test conditions 55.2 Power 55.3 Engine air inlet system 65.4 Engine exhaust system . 65.5 Cooling system 65.6 Lubricating oil 65.7 Engines with charge air cooling 65.8 Test fuel temperature 66 Test fuels 67 Measurement equi

11、pment and accuracy 77.1 General . 77.2 Dynamometer specification 77.3 Determination of smoke 77.4 Accuracy 98 Calibration of the opacimeter . 98.1 General . 98.2 Calibration procedure 99 Test run 99.1 Installation of the measuring equipment 99.2 Checking of the opacimeter .109.3 Test cycle .109.4 De

12、termination of effective optical path length (LA) 1010 Data evaluation and calculation 1010.1 Data evaluation 1010.2 Bessel algorithm 1210.3 Ambient correction .1310.4 Test report .1411 Determination of smoke 1411.1 General .1411.2 Full-flow opacimeter .1511.3 Partial-flow-opacimeter 16Annex A (norm

13、ative) Test cycle for variable-speed off-road engines 19Annex B (normative) Test cycle for constant-speed off-road engines 26Annex C (informative) Remarks on test cycles 30Annex D (informative) Example of calculation procedure .31Annex E (normative) Test cycle for marine propulsion engines .42Annex

14、F (normative) Test cycle for variable speed engines type F (rail traction) 48Bibliography .52BS ISO 8178-9:2012ISO 8178-9:2012(E)ForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing Internat

15、ional Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with I

16、SO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.The main task of technical com

17、mittees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.Attention is drawn to the p

18、ossibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.ISO 8178-9 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 70, Internal combustion engines, Subcommittee SC 8, Exhaust gas emission me

19、asurement.This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 8178-9:2000, ISO 8178-9:2000/AMD 1:2004), which has been technically revised.ISO 8178 consists of the following parts, under the general title Reciprocating internal combustion engines Exhaust emission measurement: Part 1: Tes

20、t-bed measurement of gaseous and particulate exhaust emissions Part 2: Measurement of gaseous and particulate exhaust emissions under field conditions Part 3: Definitions and methods of measurement of exhaust gas smoke under steady-state conditions Part 4: Steady-state test cycles for different engi

21、ne applications Part 5: Test fuels Part 6: Report of measuring results and test Part 7: Engine family determination Part 8: Engine group determination Part 9: Test cycles and test procedures for test bed measurement of exhaust gas smoke emissions from compression ignition engines operating under tra

22、nsient conditions Part 10: Test cycles and test procedures for field measurement of exhaust gas smoke emissions from compression ignition engines operating under transient conditions Part 11: Test-bed measurement of gaseous and particulate exhaust emissions from engines used in nonroad mobile machin

23、ery under transient test conditionsiv ISO 2012 All rights reservedBS ISO 8178-9:2012ISO 8178-9:2012(E)IntroductionOn a global scale, there are currently many smoke measurement procedures in various forms. Some of these smoke measurement procedures are designed for test-bed testing and intended to be

24、 used for certification or type-approval purposes. Others are designed for field-testing and can be used in inspection and maintenance programmes. Different smoke measurement procedures exist to meet the needs of various regulatory agencies and industries. The two methods typically used are the filt

25、er smokemeter method and the opacimeter.The purpose of ISO 8178 is to combine the key features of several existing smoke measurement procedures as much as technically possible. ISO 8178-4 specifies a number of different test cycles to be used to characterize gaseous and particulate emissions from no

26、nroad engines. The test cycles in ISO 8178-4 were developed in recognition of the differing operating characteristics of various categories of nonroad machines. Likewise, different smoke test cycles can be appropriate for different categories of nonroad engines and machines. Within ISO 8178-4 it was

27、 possible to characterize and control gaseous and particulate emissions from nonroad engines using a variety of steady-state operating points. To properly characterize and control smoke emissions from many engine applications a transient smoke test cycle is needed.This part of ISO 8178 is intended f

28、or the measurement of the emissions of smoke from compression ignition internal combustion engines. It applies to engines operating under transient conditions, where the engine speed or load, or both, changes with time; note that the smoke emissions from typical well-maintained naturally-aspirated e

29、ngines under transient conditions will generally be the same as the smoke emissions under steady-state conditions.Only opacimeter-type smokemeters are intended to be used for making the smoke measurements described in this part of ISO 8178, which allows the use of either full-flow or partial-flow op

30、acimeters and corrects accounts for differences in response time between the two types of opacimeters, but does not account for any differences due to differences in temperatures at the sampling zone.The test cycle described in Annex E is representative for those engines that are used in application

31、s as described in the E1, E2, E3 and E5 cycles of ISO 8178-4:2007.The test cycle described in Annex F is representative for those engines that are used in applications as described in the F cycle of ISO 8178-4:2007. ISO 2012 All rights reserved vBS ISO 8178-9:2012BS ISO 8178-9:2012Reciprocating inte

32、rnal combustion engines Exhaust emission measurement Part 9: Test cycles and test procedures for test bed measurement of exhaust gas smoke emissions from compression ignition engines operating under transient conditions1 ScopeThis part of ISO 8178 specifies the measurement procedures and test cycles

33、 for the evaluation of smoke emissions from compression ignition engines on the test bed.For transient smoke test cycles, smoke testing is conducted using smokemeters which operate on the light extinction principle. The purpose of this part of ISO 8178 is to define the smoke test cycles and the meth

34、ods used to measure and analyse smoke. Specifications for measurement of smoke using the light extinction principle can be found in ISO 11614. The test procedures and measurement techniques described in Clauses 1 to 11 of this part of ISO 8178 are applicable to reciprocating internal combustion (RIC

35、) engines in general. However, an engine application can only be evaluated using this part of ISO 8178 once the appropriate test cycle has been developed. Annexes A, B, E and F to this part of ISO 8178 each contain a test cycle that is relevant only for those specific applications listed in the Scop

36、e of that annex. Where possible, the smoke test cycle described in the annex utilizes the engine and machine categories developed in ISO 8178-4.For certain categories of non-road engines “at site” rather than “test bed” smoke test procedures can prove to be necessary. For engines used in machinery c

37、overed by additional requirements (e.g. occupational health and safety regulations), additional test conditions and special evaluation methods can apply.2 Normative referencesThe following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its appli

38、cation. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.ISO 8178-4:2007, Reciprocating internal combustion engines Exhaust emission measurement Part 4: Steady-state test cycles for differen

39、t engine applicationsISO 8178-5, Reciprocating internal combustion engines Exhaust emission measurement Part 5: Test fuelsISO 8178-6, Reciprocating internal combustion engines Exhaust emission measurement Part 6: Report of measuring results and testISO 8178-7, Reciprocating internal combustion engin

40、es Exhaust emission measurement Part 7: Engine family determinationISO 8178-8, Reciprocating internal combustion engines Exhaust emission measurement Part 8: Engine group determinationISO 8528-1, Reciprocating internal combustion engine driven alternating current generating sets Part 1: Application,

41、 ratings and performanceISO 11614:1999, Reciprocating internal combustion compression-ignition engines Apparatus for measurement of the opacity and for determination of the light absorption coefficient of exhaust gasINTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 8178-9:2012(E) ISO 2012 All rights reserved 1BS ISO 8178-

42、9:2012ISO 8178-9:2012(E)3 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this document the following terms and definitions apply.3.1exhaust gas smokevisible suspension of solid and/or liquid particles in gases resulting from combustion or pyrolysisNOTE Black smoke (soot) is mainly comprised of carbon part

43、icles; blue smoke is usually due to droplets resulting from the incomplete combustion of fuel or lubricating oil; white smoke is usually due to condensed water and/or liquid fuel; yellow smoke is caused by NO2.3.2transmittancefraction of light, expressed as a percentage, transmitted from a source th

44、rough a smoke-obscured path and which reaches the observer or the instrument receiver3.3opacityNfraction of light, expressed as a percentage, transmitted from a source through a smoke-obscured path and which is prevented from reaching the observer or the instrument receiverNOTE N = 100 - 3.4 optical

45、 path length3.4.1effective optical path lengthLAlength of the smoke-obscured optical path between the opacimeter light source and the receiver, expressed in metres and corrected, as necessary, for non-uniformity due to density gradients and fringe effectNOTE Portions of the total light source to rec

46、eiver path length which are not smoke obscured do not contribute to the effective optical path length.3.4.2standard effective optical path lengthLASmeasurement used to ensure meaningful comparisons of quoted opacity valuesNOTE LASvalues are defined in 10.1.4.3.5light absorption coefficientkfundament

47、al means of quantifying the ability of a smoke plume or smoke-containing gas sample to obscure lightNOTE By convention, the light absorption coefficient is expressed in reciprocal metres (m1). The light absorption coefficient is a function of the number of smoke particles per unit gas volume, the si

48、ze distribution of the smoke particles and the light absorption and scattering properties of the particles. In the absence of blue, white or yellow smoke or ash, the size distribution and the light absorption/scattering properties are similar for all diesel exhaust gas samples and the light absorpti

49、on coefficient is primarily a function of the smoke particle density.2 ISO 2012 All rights reservedBS ISO 8178-9:2012ISO 8178-9:2012(E)3.6Beer-Lambert lawmathematical equation describing the physical relationships between the light absorption coefficient (k), the smoke parameters of transmittance ( ) and effective optical path length (LA)NOTE Because the light absorption coefficient (k) cannot be measured directly, the Beer-Lambert law is used to calculate k, when opacity (N) or transmittance ( )