1、 g49g50g3g38g50g51g60g44g49g42g3g58g44g55g43g50g56g55g3g37g54g44g3g51g40g53g48g44g54g54g44g50g49g3g40g59g38g40g51g55g3g36g54g3g51g40g53g48g44g55g55g40g39g3g37g60g3g38g50g51g60g53g44g42g43g55g3g47g36g58Part 5: System performance characterization by means of whole-system tests and computer simulationI
2、CS 27.160; 97.100.99Solar heating Domestic water heating systems BRITISH STANDARDBS ISO 9459-5:2007BS ISO 9459-5:2007This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 28 September 2007 BSI 2007ISBN 978 0 580 60176 7Amendments issued since publi
3、cationAmd. No. Date CommentsCompliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.National forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO 9459-5:2007. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee RHE/25, Solar heating.A list o
4、f organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application.Reference numberISO 9459-5:2007(E)INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO9459-5First
5、 edition2007-05-15Solar heating Domestic water heating systems Part 5: System performance characterization by means of whole-system tests and computer simulation Chauffage solaire Systmes de chauffage de leau sanitaire Partie 5: Caractrisation de la performance des systmes au moyen dessais effectus
6、sur lensemble du systme et par simulation sur ordinateur BS ISO 9459-5:2007ii iiiContents Page Foreword iv Introduction v 1 Scope . 1 2 Normative references . 2 3 Terms and definitions. 2 4 Symbols, units and nomenclature 4 5 Apparatus 5 5.1 Mounting and location of the SDHW system . 5 5.2 Test faci
7、lity 8 5.3 Instrumentation. 10 5.4 Location of sensors 10 6 Test method. 12 6.1 General. 12 6.2 Test conditions . 12 6.3 Test sequences . 14 6.4 Data acquisition and processing 17 7 Identification of system parameters . 19 7.1 Dynamic fitting algorithm 19 7.2 Options 19 7.3 Constants 19 7.4 Skip tim
8、e 20 7.5 Parameters 20 8 Performance prediction 20 8.1 Yearly performance prediction and reporting . 20 8.2 Reference conditions . 20 Annex A (normative) Basis of dynamic SDHW system testing. 21 Annex B (normative) Validation of the test method . 24 Annex C (normative) Test report 25 Annex D (inform
9、ative) Hardware and software recommendations . 30 Bibliography . 35 BS ISO 9459-5:2007iv Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
10、 through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO col
11、laborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International S
12、tandards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements
13、 of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 9459-5 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 180, Solar energy, Subcommittee SC 4, Systems Thermal performance, reliability and durability. ISO 9459 consis
14、ts of the following parts, under the general title Solar heating Domestic water heating systems: Part 1: Performance rating procedure using indoor test methods Part 2: Outdoor test methods for system performance characterization and yearly performance prediction of solar-only systems Part 3: Perform
15、ance test for solar plus supplementary systems (withdrawn) Part 4: System performance characterization by means of component tests and computer simulation Part 5: System performance characterization by means of whole-system tests and computer simulation BS ISO 9459-5:2007vIntroduction International
16、Standard ISO 9459 has been developed to help facilitate the international comparison of solar domestic water heating systems. Because a generalized performance model which is applicable to all systems has not yet been developed, it has not been possible to obtain an international consensus for one t
17、est method and one standard set of test conditions. It has therefore been decided to promulgate the currently available simple test methods, while work continues to finalize the more broadly applicable procedures. The advantage of this approach is that each part can proceed on its own. ISO 9459 is d
18、ivided into five parts within three broad categories, as described below. Rating test ISO 9459-1:1993, Solar heating Domestic water heating systems Part 1: Performance rating procedure using indoor test methods, involves testing for periods of 1 day for a standardized set of reference conditions. Th
19、e results, therefore, allow systems to be compared under identical solar, ambient and load conditions. Black-box correlation procedures ISO 9459-2:1995, Solar heating Domestic water heating systems Part 2: Outdoor test methods for system performance characterization and yearly performance prediction
20、 of solar-only systems, is applicable to solar-only systems and solar-preheat systems. The performance test for solar-only systems is a black-box procedure which produces a family of input-output characteristics for a system. The test results may be used directly with daily mean values of local sola
21、r irradiation, ambient air temperature and cold-water temperature data to predict annual system performance. ISO 9459-3:1997, Solar heating Domestic water heating systems Part 3: Performance test for solar plus supplementary systems (now withdrawn), applied to solar plus supplementary systems. The p
22、erformance test was a black-box procedure which produced coefficients in a correlation equation that could be used with daily mean values of local solar irradiation, ambient air temperature and cold-water temperature data to predict annual system performance. The test was limited to predicting annua
23、l performance for one load pattern. Testing and computer simulation ISO/AWI 9459-4, Solar heating Domestic water heating systems Part 4: System performance characterization by means of component tests and computer simulation, a procedure for characterizing annual system performance, uses measured co
24、mponent characteristics in the computer simulation program TRNSYS. Procedures for characterizing the performance of system components other than collectors are also presented in this part of ISO 9459. Procedures for characterizing the performance of collectors are given in other International Standa
25、rds. This part of ISO 9459 (i.e. ISO 9459-5) presents a procedure for dynamic testing of complete systems to determine system parameters for use in the “Dynamic System Testing Program” (reference 2). This software has been validated on a range of systems; however, it is a proprietary product and can
26、not be modified by the user. Implementation of the software requires training from a test facility experienced with the application of the product. This model may be used with hourly values of local solar irradiation, ambient air temperature and cold-water temperature data to predict annual system p
27、erformance. The procedures defined in ISO 9459-2, ISO 9459-3, ISO 9459-4 and ISO 9459-5 for predicting yearly performance allow the output of a system to be determined for a range of climatic conditions. The results of tests performed in accordance with ISO 9459-1 provide a rating for a standard day
28、. The results of tests performed in accordance with ISO 9459-2 permit performance predictions for a range of system loads and operating conditions, but only for an evening draw-off. BS ISO 9459-5:2007vi The results of tests performed in accordance with ISO 9459-3 permitted annual system predictions
29、for one daily load pattern. The results of tests performed in accordance with ISO 9459-4 or ISO 9459-5 are directly comparable. These procedures permit performance predictions for a range of system loads and operating conditions. System reliability and safety will be dealt with in ISO 11924, Solar h
30、eating Domestic water heating systems Test methods for the assessment of protection from extreme temperatures and pressures. Introduction to ISO 9459-5 The expanding market for Solar Domestic Hot-water (SDHW) systems demands a standardized test method for SDHW systems, which makes possible accurate
31、long-term performance prediction for arbitrary conditions from a test as short, simple and cheap as possible. Two facts make this goal difficult to reach. a) The SDHW system gain depends on many different conditions (e.g., irradiance, ambient temperature, draw-off profile and cold-water temperature)
32、. Therefore, a sufficient number of parameters are needed to predict the yearly system gain sufficiently accurately for arbitrary conditions. b) The system state, that is, the temperature profile inside the store, needs a long time to forget initial conditions; a typical time constant may be one day
33、 or more. Since several parameters need to be determined, several system states must occur during the test. If a test method did not take into account the system state dependence on the past, and thus the dynamic behaviour of the system, the minimum testing times would be quite long (up to several m
34、onths). The objective of the method described in this part of ISO 9459 is to minimize experimental effort by keeping the test duration short and avoiding extensive measurements. To compensate for the relatively small amount of experimental data, mathematical tools are used to extract as much informa
35、tion as possible from the test data, while being robust enough to avoid being misled by unimportant transient effects. There are no requirements for steady-state conditions in the tests, and, due to the black-box approach, no measurements inside the store or inside the collector loop are required. E
36、xperience has shown that the variability of system states encompassed by the test sequence is the most important precondition for the correct determination of all system parameters with minimum errors and cross correlation between parameters. Only if the system is driven into many different states,
37、is the influence of each parameter of the model shown on the performance of the system. Therefore, the overall design criterion of a draw-off test sequence is that the system shall be driven into as many different states as possible in a minimum time. Here, system state means a combination of the st
38、ore temperature distribution and weather conditions. The system states should include all states that may occur in actual operation. For testing purposes, it is much more important to have a large variability of system states than to perform draw-offs according to normal user behaviour. Accurate par
39、ameter identification will be achieved only if the range of system states in actual operation is covered by the range of system states set up during the tests. The method is applicable to in-situ monitoring, but difficulties arise during in-situ testing, as the operator cannot control the operating
40、conditions. Monitoring of normal user behaviour needs to be carried out over a long time to ensure that all relevant system states are covered, i.e. testing times can be much longer to achieve the same performance prediction accuracy. This part of ISO 9459 may be applicable to a wide range of system
41、s, including systems with relatively large collectors which have to be cooled by large, frequent draw-offs to prevent overheating, and systems with relatively large storage tanks which need to be operated with low loads for days, in order to reach the high store and collector temperatures needed for
42、 accurate parameter identification. No single draw-off profile can meet these demands for all systems, since the ratio of storage volume and collector aperture area (VS/AC) may vary up to a factor of 20 for the systems considered in this this part of ISO 9459. Therefore, the draw-off volumes have be
43、en made dependent on VSand VS/AC. BS ISO 9459-5:2007viiExperience has shown that the system state variability is especially important for the determination of the effective collector area *C,A the effective collector loss coefficient *Cu and the store-loss coefficient US. To discern between optical
44、and thermal collector properties, the store (and thus the collector inlet temperature) must be kept cold for some intervals with substantial irradiance (Test A) and then be allowed to become hot while irradiance is sufficient to keep the collector loop operational (Test B). To discern between store
45、losses (which happen all the time) and collector losses (which happen only when there is sufficient irradiance), the store must be operated at high temperatures during some periods with low irradiance. BS ISO 9459-5:2007blank1Solar heating Domestic water heating systems Part 5: System performance ch
46、aracterization by means of whole-system tests and computer simulation 1 Scope This part of ISO 9459 specifies a method for outdoor laboratory testing of solar domestic hot-water (SDHW) systems. The method may also be applied for in-situ tests, and also for indoor tests by specifying appropriate draw
47、-off profiles and irradiance profiles for indoor measurements. The system performance is characterized by means of whole-system tests using a black-box approach, i.e. no measurements on the system components or inside the system are necessary. Detailed instructions are given on the measurement proce
48、dure, on processing and analysis of the measurement data, and on presentation of the test report. The theoretical model described in reference 1 is used to characterize SDHW system performance under transient operation. The identification of the parameters in the theoretical model is carried out by
49、a parameter-identification software program (see Annex A). The program finds the set of parameters that gives the best fit between the theoretical model and the measured data. A wide range of operating conditions shall be covered to ensure accurate determination of the system parameters. Measured data shall be pre-processed before being used for identification of system parameters. The identified parameters are used for the prediction of the long-term system performance for th
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