1、BSI Standards PublicationErgonomics of human-systeminteractionPart 331: Optical characteristics of autostereoscopic displaysPD ISO/TR 9241-331:2012PD CEN ISO/TR 9241-331:2013Copyright European Committee for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with CENNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networ
2、king permitted without license from IHS-,-,-PD CEN ISO/TR 9241-331:2013 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis Published Document is the UK implementation of CEN ISO/TR 9241-331:2013. It is identical to ISO/TR 9241-331:2012. Itsupersedes PD ISO/TR 9241-331:2012, which is withdrawn.The UK participatio
3、n in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee PH/9, Applied ergonomics.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtainedon request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisionsof a contract. Users are responsible for its cor
4、rect application. The British Standards Institution 2013.Published by BSI Standards Limited 2013ISBN 978 0 580 82215 5 ICS 13.180; 35.180 Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.This Published Document was published under the authority of theStandards Policy
5、and Strategy Committee on 30 April 2012.Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate Text affected31 October 2 0 1 3 T h i s c o r r i g e n d u m r e n u m b e r s P D I S O / T R 9 2 4 1 - 3 3 1 : 2 0 1 2a s P D C E N I S O / T R 9 2 4 1 - 3 3 1 : 2 0 1 3Copyright European Committee for Stan
6、dardization Provided by IHS under license with CENNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-TECHNICAL REPORT RAPPORT TECHNIQUE TECHNISCHER BERICHT CEN ISO/TR 9241-331 September 2013 ICS 35.180; 13.180 English Version Ergonomics of human-system interaction - P
7、art 331: Optical characteristics of autostereoscopic displays (ISO/TR 9241-331:2012) Ergonomie de linteraction homme-systme - Partie 331: Caractristiques optiques des crans autostroscopiques (ISO/TR 9241-331:2012) Ergonomie der Mensch-System-Interaktion - Teil 331: Optische Besonderheiten autostereo
8、skopischer Displays (ISO/TR 9241-331:2012) This Technical Report was approved by CEN on 19 August 2013. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 122. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,
9、 Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION C
10、OMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2013 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. CEN ISO/TR 9241-331:2013: ECopyright European Committee
11、 for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with CENNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-CEN ISO/TR 9241-331:2013 (E) 3 Foreword The text of ISO/TR 9241-331:2012 has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 159 “Ergonomics” of the International
12、 Organization for Standardization (ISO) and has been taken over as CEN ISO/TR 9241-331:2013 by Technical Committee CEN/TC 122 “Ergonomics” the secretariat of which is held by DIN. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CE
13、N and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Endorsement notice The text of ISO/TR 9241-331:2012 has been approved by CEN as CEN ISO/TR 9241-331:2013 without any modification. PD CEN ISO/TR 9241-331:2013CEN ISO/TR 9241-331:2013 (E)Copyright European C
14、ommittee for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with CENNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-ISO/TR 9241-331:2012(E) ISO 2012 All rights reserved iiiContents Page Foreword iv Introduction vi 1 Scope 1 2 Terms and definitions . 1 2.1 General te
15、rms 1 2.2 Human factors . 3 2.3 Performance characteristics 3 3 Autostereoscopic display technologies . 5 3.1 General . 5 3.2 Cues for depth perception 5 3.3 Stereoscopic display classification . 7 3.4 Two-view (autostereoscopic) display 9 3.5 Multi-view (autostereoscopic) display 14 3.6 Integral (a
16、utostereoscopic) display . 22 3.7 Discussion . 29 3.8 Future work 36 4 Performance characteristics 36 4.1 General . 36 4.2 Crosstalk 38 4.3 Visual artefacts 42 4.4 3D fidelity . 45 4.5 Future work 46 5 Optical measurement methods 46 5.1 General . 46 5.2 Measurement conditions 47 5.3 Measurement meth
17、ods . 52 5.4 Future work 68 6 Viewing spaces and their analysis 68 6.1 General . 68 6.2 Qualified viewing spaces 69 6.3 Related performance characteristics 73 6.4 Analysis methods 75 6.5 Future work 77 7 Further work . 78 Annex A (informative) Overview of the ISO 9241 series . 79 Annex B (informativ
18、e) Head tracking technology 80 Bibliography 81 PD ISO/TR 9241-331:2012ISO/TR 9241-331:2012(E) ISO 2012 All rights reserved iiiContents Page Foreword ivIntroduction vi1 Scope 12 Terms and definitions . 1 2.1 General terms 1 2.2 Human factors . 3 2.3 Performance characteristics 33 Autostereoscopic dis
19、play technologies . 5 3.1 General . 5 3.2 Cues for depth perception 5 3.3 Stereoscopic display classification . 7 3.4 Two-view (autostereoscopic) display 9 3.5 Multi-view (autostereoscopic) display 14 3.6 Integral (autostereoscopic) display . 22 3.7 Discussion . 29 3.8 Future work 364 Performance ch
20、aracteristics 36 4.1 General . 36 4.2 Crosstalk 38 4.3 Visual artefacts 42 4.4 3D fidelity . 45 4.5 Future work 465 Optical measurement methods 46 5.1 General . 46 5.2 Measurement conditions 47 5.3 Measurement methods . 52 5.4 Future work 686 Viewing spaces and their analysis 68 6.1 General . 68 6.2
21、 Qualified viewing spaces 69 6.3 Related performance characteristics 73 6.4 Analysis methods 75 6.5 Future work . 777 Further work . 78A Overview of the ISO 9241 series . 79Annex B (informative) Head tracking technology 80Bibliography 81 PD ISO/TR 9241-331:2012PD CEN ISO/TR 9241-331:2013ISO/TR 9241-
22、331:2012(E)Copyright European Committee for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with CENNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-ISO/TR 9241-331:2012(E) vi ISO 2012 All rights reservedIntroduction Recent developments in display technologies have ma
23、de it possible to render highly realistic content on high-resolution colour displays. The developments include advanced 3D display technologies such as autostereoscopic displays. The new 3D displays extend the capabilities of applications by giving the user more-realistic-than-ever perception in var
24、ious application fields. This is valid not only in the field of leisure but also in the fields of business and education, and in medical applications. Nevertheless, 3D displays have display-specific characteristics originating from the basic principles of the image formation applied for the differen
25、t 3D display designs. Among negative characteristics are imperfections that affect the visual quality of the displayed content and the visual experience of the users. These imperfections can induce visual fatigue for the users, which is one of the image safety issues described in IWA 3:2005. Neverth
26、eless, it is important for the end user to be able to enjoy of the benefits of the 3D display without suffering any undesirable biomedical effects. It is therefore necessary that a standardized methodology be established which characterizes and validates technologies in order to ensure the visual qu
27、ality of the displays and the rendered content. The development of such a methodology has to be based on the human perception and performance in the context of stereoscopic viewing. The negative characteristics, by nature, originate from both 3D displays and 3D image content. In this part of ISO 924
28、1, however, attention is focussed only on 3D display, for simplicity of discussion and as a first step. In ISO 9241-303, performance objectives are described for virtual head-mounted displays (HMDs). This is closely related to autostereoscopic displays, but not directly applicable to them. Consideri
29、ng the growing use of autostereoscopic displays, and the need for a methodology for their characterization in order to reduce visual fatigue caused by them, this Technical Report presents basic principles for related technologies, as well as optical measurement methods required for the characterizat
30、ion of the current technologies and for a future International Standard on the subject. Since this Technical Report deals with display technologies that are in continual development, its content will be updated if and as necessary. It includes no content intended for regulatory use. PD ISO/TR 9241-3
31、31:2012PD CEN ISO/TR 9241-331:2013ISO/TR 9241-331:2012(E)ivCopyright European Committee for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with CENNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 9241-331:2012(E) ISO 2012 All rights reserved 1
32、Ergonomics of human-system interaction Part 331: Optical characteristics of autostereoscopic displays 1 Scope This part of ISO 9241 establishes an ergonomic point of view for the optical properties of autostereoscopic displays (ASDs), with the aim of reducing visual fatigue caused by stereoscopic im
33、ages on those displays. It gives terminology, performance characteristics and optical measurement methods for ASDs. It is applicable to spatially interlaced autostereoscopic displays (two-view, multi-view and integral displays) of the transmissive and emissive types. These can be implemented by flat
34、-panel displays, projection displays, etc. 2 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 2.1 General terms 2.1.1 3D display display device or system including a special functionality for enabling depth perception 2.1.2 stereoscopic display 3D d
35、isplay where depth perception is induced by binocular parallax NOTE 1 People perceive depth from the retinal disparity provided by binocular parallax. NOTE 2 Stereoscopic displays include stereoscopic displays requiring glasses, stereoscopic HMDs and autostereoscopic displays. NOTE 3 See ISO 9241-30
36、2:2008, 3.5.5, binocular display device. 2.1.3 autostereoscopic display ASD stereoscopic display that requires neither viewing aids such as special glasses nor head-mounted apparatus NOTE Autostereoscopic displays includes two-view displays, multi-view displays and integral displays, as well as othe
37、r types of display not discussed in this part of ISO 9241, such as holographic displays and volumetric displays. 2.1.4 two-view display two-view autostereoscopic display autostereoscopic display that creates two monocular views with which the left and right stereoscopic images are coupled PD ISO/TR
38、9241-331:2012PD CEN ISO/TR 9241-331:2013Copyright European Committee for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with CENNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-ISO/TR 9241-331:2012(E) 2 ISO 2012 All rights reserved2.1.5 multi-view display multi-view
39、autostereoscopic display autostereoscopic display that creates more than two monocular views with which the stereoscopic images are coupled NOTE 1 It becomes an autostereoscopic display when the number of stereoscopic images is increased from two to more than two. NOTE 2 Principally, one of multiple
40、 stereoscopic images corresponds to one of multiple stereoscopic views, yet not necessarily excluding one-to-multi correspondence. 2.1.6 integral display integral autostereoscopic display autostereoscopic display that is intended to optically reproduce three-dimensional objects in space NOTE Since,
41、at present, it is not easy to make the optical reproduction perfect, integral displays are not necessarily free from such factors of undesirable biomedical effect as accommodation-vergence inconsistency (see 3.7, 4.1). 2.1.7 stereoscopic images set of images with parallax shown on a stereoscopic dis
42、play NOTE See 2.1.8. 2.1.8 stereoscopic views pair of sights provided by a stereoscopic display, which induce stereopsis NOTE See Figure 1. Key 1 autostereoscopic display 3 stereoscopic views 5 monocular view (right eye)2 stereoscopic images 4 monocular view (left eye)Figure 1 Relation between stere
43、oscopic images, stereoscopic views and monocular view PD ISO/TR 9241-331:2012PD CEN ISO/TR 9241-331:2013ISO/TR 9241-331:2012(E)Copyright European Committee for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with CENNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-ISO
44、/TR 9241-331:2012(E) ISO 2012 All rights reserved 32.1.9 monocular view one stereoscopic view NOTE See 2.1.8. 2.1.10 number of views number of monocular views with which stereoscopic images are coupled 2.2 Human factors 2.2.1 binocular parallax apparent difference in the direction of a point as seen
45、 separately by one eye and by the other, while the head remains in a fixed position NOTE 1 See IWA 3:2005, 2.15. NOTE 2 Binocular parallax is equivalent to the optic angle between the visual axes of both eyes, when they are fixated to a single point. 2.2.2 visual fatigue eyestrain or asthenopia, whi
46、ch shows a wide range of visual symptoms, including tiredness, headache and soreness of the eyes, caused by watching images in a visual display NOTE 1 Adapted from IWA 3:2005, 2.13. NOTE 2 See also ISO 9241-302:2008, 3.5.3. 2.2.3 accommodation adjustment of the optics of an eye to keep an object in
47、focus on the retina as its distance from the eye varies SOURCE: ISO 9241-302:2008, 3.5.1, modified the Note to the definition has not been included. NOTE Adapted from IWA 3:2005, 2.18. 2.2.4 convergence turning inward of the lines of sight toward each other as the object of fixation moves toward the
48、 observer SOURCE: ISO 9241-302:2008, 3.5.10 NOTE See also IWA 3:2005, 2.19. 2.3 Performance characteristics 2.3.1 3D crosstalk leakage of an unwanted image data to each eye 2.3.2 interocular crosstalk leakage of the stereoscopic image(s) from one eye to the other PD ISO/TR 9241-331:2012PD CEN ISO/TR 9241-331:2013ISO/TR 9241-331:2012(E)Copyright European Committee for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with CENNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-ISO/TR 9241-331:2012(E) 4 ISO 2012 All rights reserved2.3.3 interocular lumin
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