1、PUBLISHED DOCUMENTPD CEN/TR 15230:2005Workplace atmospheres Guidance for sampling of inhalable, thoracic and respirable aerosol fractionsICS 13.040.30g49g50g3g38g50g51g60g44g49g42g3g58g44g55g43g50g56g55g3g37g54g44g3g51g40g53g48g44g54g54g44g50g49g3g40g59g38g40g51g55g3g36g54g3g51g40g53g48g44g55g55g40g
2、39g3g37g60g3g38g50g51g60g53g44g42g43g55g3g47g36g58PD CEN/TR 15230:2005This Published Document was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 5 December 2005 BSI 5 December 2005ISBN 0 580 47338 4National forewordThis Published Document is the official English lang
3、uage version of CEN/TR 15230:2005.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted by Technical Committee EH/2, Air quality, to Subcommittee EH/2/2, Workplace atmospheres, which has the responsibility to: A list of organizations represented on this subcommittee can be obtained on request to its
4、 secretary.Cross-referencesThe British Standards which implement international or European publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Catalogue under the section entitled “International Standards Correspondence Index”, or by using the “Search” facility of the BSI Electronic Ca
5、talogue or of British Standards Online.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. Compliance with a Published Document does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. aid enquirers to understa
6、nd the text; present to the responsible international/European committee any enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep UK interests informed; monitor related international and European developments and promulgate them in the UK.Summary of pagesThis document comprises a front
7、 cover, an inside front cover, the CEN/TR title page, pages 2 to 26, an inside back cover and a back cover.The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the document was last issued.Amendments issued since publicationAmd. No. Date CommentsTECHNICAL REPORTRAPPORT TECHNIQUETECHNIS
8、CHER BERICHTCEN/TR 15230August 2005ICS 13.040.30English VersionWorkplace atmospheres - Guidance for sampling of inhalable,thoracic and respirable aerosol fractionsAtmosphres de lieux de travail - Guide pourlchantillonnage des fractions darosols inhalables,thoraciques et alvolairesArbeitsplatzatmosph
9、re - Leitfaden zur Probenahme dereinatembaren, thorakalen und alveolengngigenAerosolfraktionThis Technical Report was approved by CEN on 10 July 2005. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 137.CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic,
10、 Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia,Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATIONCOMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATIONEURO
11、PISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNGManagement Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels 2005 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reservedworldwide for CEN national Members.Ref. No. CEN/TR 15230:2005: E2 Contents Page Foreword 3 0 Introduction.4 1 Scope .6 2 Normative references .6 3
12、 Terms and definitions.6 4 Sampling strategy.6 5 Method performance.8 6 Sampling instruments 9 7 Ancillary equipment required for field use11 8 Sampling procedure .12 9 Analysis of samples14 Annex A (informative) Basic information to be recorded when sampling and afterwards .17 Annex B (informative)
13、 Examples of samplers for the inhalable, thoracic and respirable aerosol fraction, which are or have been available on the market up to 2004, and published reports on their performance.19 Bibliography.26 CEN/TR 15230:20053 Foreword This Technical Report (CEN/TR 15230:2005) has been prepared by Techn
14、ical Committee CEN/TC 137 “Assessment of workplace exposure to chemical and biological agents”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identif
15、ying any or all such patent rights. CEN/TR 15230:20054 0 Introduction 0.1 Background A number of materials hazardous to health occur in the workplace in the form of aerosols, i.e. suspensions of solid or liquid particles in air. Dust is generally understood to be an aerosol of solid particles, mecha
16、nically produced, with individual particle diameters of 0,1 m upwards. Dust particles can be compact in shape, or can have extreme shapes, as for example in the case of airborne fibres. Fume is an aerosol of solid particles generated by condensation from the vapour state usually following the evapor
17、ation of molten metals. Smoke is an aerosol of solid and or liquid particles generated by condensation or nucleation of vapours after burning of carbonaceous material. In both fumes and smokes the primary particle diameters are typically less than 0,1 m which form larger aggregated particles. Mists
18、are aerosols formed from liquid droplets. In this document the term aerosol is used to describe any suspension of particles in air, whether the airborne particles constitute a solid dust, airborne fibres or droplets, a fume, a smoke or a mist. Aerosol sampling at workplaces can be performed for many
19、 reasons using different sampling strategies: These include comparison of the measured concentration with the occupational exposure Limit Value (LV), exposure assessment for epidemiological studies and evaluation of control measures. Occupational Exposure Limits have been defined for many types of a
20、erosol. In order to demonstrate that personal exposure is adequately controlled it is usually necessary to determine the concentration of the aerosol by means of personal sampling. In some cases a direct determination of the aerosol concentration is all that is needed. In other cases a subsequent an
21、alytical technique is applied for the determination of a particular harmful element or compound present in the aerosol. 0.2 Sampling instruments Many instruments have been developed over the years for sampling airborne particles for the purpose of assessing exposure or for determining the efficacy o
22、f dust control measures (see 6). In the past, sampling instruments were often inadequately standardised in terms of their collection characteristics. Modern standards for monitoring exposure to airborne particles are performance based, i.e. they require that the instruments used meet agreed performa
23、nce criteria with respect to target specifications. This document is intended to help those responsible for making measurements to select and use instruments that meet these modern performance standards. 0.3 Inhalable, thoracic and respirable fractions of airborne particles Most industrial aerosols
24、contain particles of a wide range of sizes. The behaviour, deposition and fate of any particle after entry into the human respiratory system, and the response that it elicits, depends on the nature and size of the particle. For the purposes of occupational hygiene it is important to consider the con
25、centrations of particles present in different size fractions. Inhalable dust corresponds to the fraction of airborne material that enters the nose and mouth during breathing, and is therefore available for deposition anywhere in the respiratory tract. The target specification for sampling the inhala
26、ble fraction is given in EN 481. In reality the inhalable fraction depends on the prevailing air movement around the exposed person (wind speed and direction), and on whether breathing is by nose or mouth. It has, however, been possible to define a target specification for sampling instruments that
27、approximates to the inhalable fraction, for representative values of breathing rate, and for a person exposed equally to all wind directions. Thoracic dust corresponds to the fraction of airborne material that passes through the nose or mouth of the exposed person, and enters the branching airways o
28、f the lungs. The target specification for sampling the thoracic fraction is given in EN 481. In reality the thoracic fraction depends on breathing rate and varies for different individuals, however it has been possible to define a target specification for sampling instruments which approximates to t
29、he thoracic fraction for an average person. CEN/TR 15230:20055 Respirable dust corresponds to the fraction of airborne material that penetrates to the gas exchange region of the lung. The target specification for sampling the respirable fraction is given in EN 481. The respirable fraction varies for
30、 different individuals, however it has been possible to define a target specification for sampling instruments, which approximates to the respirable fraction for an average person. NOTE 1 The PM 10 fraction is defined by US Environmental Protection Agency (and adopted in EN 12341). It also correspon
31、ds to the fraction of material that passes through the nose or mouth of the exposed person, and passes the larynx. However, it is based on other experimental data than the scientific basis for the thoracic fraction, and is therefore slightly different. The main difference between the PM 10 and thora
32、cic sampling conventions is that at 15 m the sampling efficiency for a sampler for PM 10 should be zero whereas it for a sampler for the thoracic fraction should be 19 %. NOTE 2 The PM 2,5 fraction sampler is defined by US Environmental Protection Agency (see also EN 14907). It corresponds to the fr
33、action of material in the accumulation and nuclei modes of the ambient particle size distribution. CEN/TR 15230:20056 1 Scope This Technical Report describes methods that are suitable for the determination of the health-related fractions of most aerosols in the workplace. For more complex aerosols s
34、uch as bioaerosols, fibres, radioactive aerosols and particle-vapour mixtures further considerations are necessary (see e.g. relevant standards). This Technical Report is not applicable to the monitoring of airborne particle concentrations using direct-reading instruments. 2 Normative references The
35、 following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 481, Workplace atmospheres Size fraction definiti
36、ons for measurement of airborne particles EN 482, Workplace atmospheres General requirements for the performance of procedures for the measurement of chemical agents EN 689, Workplace atmospheres Guidance for the assessment of exposure by inhalation to chemical agents for comparison with limit value
37、s and measurement strategy EN 1232, Workplace atmospheres Pumps for personal sampling of chemical agents Requirements and test methods EN 1540, Workplace atmospheres Terminology EN 12919, Workplace atmospheres Pumps for the sampling of chemical agents with a volume flow rate of over 5 l/min Requirem
38、ents and test methods EN 13098, Workplace atmospheres Guidelines for measurement of airborne micro-organisms and endotoxin EN 13205, Workplace atmospheres Assessment of performance of instruments for measurement of airborne particle concentrations ISO 15767, Workplace atmosphere Controlling and char
39、acterizing errors in weighing collected aerosols 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in the standards listed above, if applicable, apply. 4 Sampling strategy No sampling strategy can provide comprehensive information for all objectives. The samp
40、ling strategy should be carefully tailored to meet the required objectives. Before a measurement survey is started in the workplace a number of fundamental questions like these have to be answered: why sample? CEN/TR 15230:20057 how to sample? whose exposure should be measured? where to sample? when
41、 to measure? how long to sample for? how many measurements? how often to sample? The reason being that time, money and sampling technology constraints are such that not every workers dust exposure can be measured on every single day of his working career. An optimal sampling strategy will have to be
42、 designed given the limited budget available. The actual sampling strategy used will be largely determined by the reasons for the measurement survey. Several objectives can be mentioned: to provide information on personal exposure to evaluate compliance with limit values; to provide information on p
43、ersonal exposure in the framework of an epidemiological study; to provide information on the location and intensity of a source; to provide information on prevailing concentrations and trends in the general workplace atmosphere; to provide information on the effectiveness of control measures; to pro
44、vide samples of airborne particles for subsequent analytical or toxicological investigations. For the first two objectives personal sampling is well suited to measure or to monitor individual exposure of workers to airborne particles. The aerosol is sampled in the breathing zone of individual worker
45、s. The other objectives on the other hand are often met through static sampling. The aim of static sampling is usually to measure and to analyse the workplace atmosphere in terms of aerosol concentration, particle size-distribution and chemical or mineralogical composition. Another purpose of static
46、 sampling is monitoring of time-variations in aerosol concentration at fixed locations. There can be special situations which need the application of a static-sampling strategy, for example, when higher air volume flow rates are needed, or when the system of compliance control measurements depends o
47、n that approach. All deviations from a personal sampling strategy should be specifically justified. When checking compliance often so-called “worst-case” sampling is performed, but these measurements are of limited use for assessing exposure epidemiological purposes. Strategies like “worst-case” sam
48、pling can be cost-effective for compliance testing. However, special care should be taken when measurement results coming from a “worst-case” strategy have to be used for epidemiological purposes. Nevertheless this is done in many cases. Studies focusing on temporal and personal patterns of occupati
49、onal exposure concentrations, have shown that assumptions of homogeneous or similar exposure groups made up of workers performing the same tasks in one location are often not met. Efficient and effective measurement strategies therefore should take into account temporal and personal variations in exposure concentrations. Guidance for the assessment of exposure to inhalation to chemical agents for comparison with limit values can be found in EN 689. The strategies described in EN 689 assume that homogeneous exposure
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