1、BSI Standards PublicationPD CEN/TS 16163:2014Conservation of CulturalHeritage Guidelines andprocedures for choosingappropriate lighting for indoorexhibitionsPD CEN/TS 16163:2014 PUBLISHED DOCUMENTNational forewordThis Published Document is the UK implementation of CEN/TS16163:2014.The UK participati
2、on in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee B/560, Conservation of tangible cultural heritage.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users a
3、re responsible for its correctapplication. The British Standards Institution 2014. Published by BSI StandardsLimited 2014ISBN 978 0 580 72633 0ICS 97.195Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This Published Document was published under the authority of theSta
4、ndards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 May 2014.Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedPD CEN/TS 16163:2014TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION SPCIFICATION TECHNIQUE TECHNISCHE SPEZIFIKATION CEN/TS 16163 April 2014 ICS 97.195 English Version Conservation of Cultural Heritage - Guidelines and p
5、rocedures for choosing appropriate lighting for indoor exhibitions Conservation du patrimoine culturel - Lignes directrices et procdures concernant le choix dun clairage adapt pour les expositions en intrieur Erhaltung des kulturellen Erbes - Leitlinien und Verfahren fr die Auswahl geeigneter Beleuc
6、htung fr Innenausstellungen This Technical Specification (CEN/TS) was approved by CEN on 14 October 2013 for provisional application. The period of validity of this CEN/TS is limited initially to three years. After two years the members of CEN will be requested to submit their comments, particularly
7、 on the question whether the CEN/TS can be converted into a European Standard. CEN members are required to announce the existence of this CEN/TS in the same way as for an EN and to make the CEN/TS available promptly at national level in an appropriate form. It is permissible to keep conflicting nati
8、onal standards in force (in parallel to the CEN/TS) until the final decision about the possible conversion of the CEN/TS into an EN is reached. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Rep
9、ublic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORM
10、ALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2014 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. CEN/TS 16163:2014 EPD CEN/TS 16163:2014CEN/TS 16163:2014 (E) 2 Contents Pag
11、e Foreword 4 Introduction .5 1 Scope 6 2 Normative references 6 3 Terms and definitions .6 4 Symbols . 11 5 Sensitivity of cultural property to light . 12 5.1 General . 12 5.2 Mechanisms of damage . 12 5.2.1 General . 12 5.2.2 Photochemical 12 5.2.3 Radiant heating . 13 5.2.4 Biological effects 13 5
12、.3 Sensitivity and classification for cultural property . 14 5.4 Limitations for total luminous exposure 14 6 Light measurement . 15 6.1 Measurement of illuminance . 15 6.2 Measurement of UV radiation 16 7 Exhibition lighting. 16 7.1 General . 16 7.2 Viewing conditions . 16 7.3 Visual adaptation 16
13、7.4 Contrast ratios 17 7.5 Colour appearance . 17 7.6 Colour rendering . 17 7.7 Backgrounds to exhibits 18 7.7.1 General . 18 7.7.2 Luminance of backgrounds . 18 7.7.3 Colour of backgrounds 18 7.8 Glare . 19 7.9 Modelling . 20 7.10 Historic furnishings medium as #4, #5, or #6; and low as #7, #8. A p
14、anel of selected blue wool samples is left at the measurement point and after a period it can be seen which samples have faded and the dose of light received determined. 3.4 colour rendering effect of an illuminant on the colour appearance of exhibits by conscious or subconscious comparison with the
15、ir colour appearance under a reference illuminant SOURCE: CIE S 017/E:2011 or IEC-IEV:1987, 845-02-059 3.5 colour rendering index Raderived from the colour rendering indices for a specified set of 8 test colour samples PD CEN/TS 16163:2014CEN/TS 16163:2014 (E) 7 Note 1 to entry: Ra has a maximum of
16、100, which generally occurs when the spectral distributions of the light source and the reference light source are substantially identical. SOURCE: CIE S 017/E:2011 or IEC-IEV:1987-845-02-61 and CIE 015:2004 3.6 colour temperature Tctemperature of a Planckian radiator whose radiation has the same ch
17、romaticity as that of a given stimulus (unit: kelvin, K) SOURCE: CIE S 017/E:2011 or IEC-IEV:1987, 845-03-049; see also CIE 015:2004 3.7 cultural heritage tangible and intangible entities of significance to present and future generations Note 1 to entry: The term “exhibit” is used in this standard f
18、or cultural heritage. In specific professional contexts, other terms are used: e.g. “artefact“, “cultural property“, “item”. SOURCE: EN 15898 3.8 damage potential Pdm ratio of effective damaging irradiance and the illuminance at a point on the surface for a specific light source (unit : W/lm) 3.9 da
19、ylight visible part of global solar radiation Note 1 to entry: When dealing with actinic effects of optical radiation, this term is commonly used for radiations extending beyond the visible region of the spectrum. SOURCE: IEC-IEV:1987, 845-09-84 3.10 daylighting lighting for which daylight is the li
20、ght source SOURCE: CIE S 017/E:2011 3.11 daylight factor D ratio of the illuminance at a point on a given plane due to the light received directly or indirectly from a sky of assumed or known luminance distribution, to the illuminance on a horizontal plane due to an unobstructed hemisphere of this s
21、ky, excluding the contribution of direct sunlight to both illuminances Note 1 to entry: Glazing, dirt effects, etc. are included. Note 2 to entry: When evaluating the lighting of interiors, the contribution of direct sunlight needs to be considered separately. SOURCE: CIE S 017/E:2011 and IEC-IEV, 1
22、987, 845-09-087 PD CEN/TS 16163:2014CEN/TS 16163:2014 (E) 8 3.12 dosimeter indicator measuring total irradiant exposure during a given time Note 1 to entry: The above definition is valid in the context of the present Technical Specification and concerns with the light measurement only. 3.13 effectiv
23、e damaging irradiance Edmradiant flux per unit area at a point on the surface weighted by the relative damage action spectrum (unit: watt per square metre, W m-) 3.14 effective irradiance Eeff: Eeff= e,s() d irradiance weighted on the spectral sensitivity of the materials constituting the exhibit 3.
24、15 exhibit object on display illuminated by natural and/or artificial light 3.16 filter any device that modifies or reduces a portion of the electromagnetic spectrum Note 1 to entry: Common filters are: coloured and neutral filters, conversion temperature blue (CTB) and conversion temperature orange
25、 (CTO) filters, UV or IR absorbing filters. Neutral-density filters decrease the transmitted light by a known amount without selecting any particular wavelength. 3.17 illuminance (at a point of a surface) E ratio of the luminous flux d incident on an element of the surface containing the point, to t
26、he area d of that element (unit: lux, lx = lmm-2) Note 1 to entry: It represents the quantity of light impinging on a surface. SOURCE: IEC-IEV, 1987, 845-01-038 3.18 infrared radiation IR part of the electromagnetic spectrum with wavelength longer than those of the visible radiation, from about 780
27、nm to tens of micrometres 3.19 irradiance Eeradiometric quantity; the radiant flux per unit area at a point on the surface (unit: watt per square metre, W m-) 3.20 lamp source made in order to produce an optical radiation, usually visible Note 1 to entry: This term is also sometimes used for certain
28、 types of luminaires (see below). SOURCE: CIE S 017/E:2011 and IEC-IEV, 1987, 845-07-003 PD CEN/TS 16163:2014CEN/TS 16163:2014 (E) 9 3.21 light radiation that is considered from the point of view of its ability to excite the visual system Note 1 to entry: It corresponds to the so-called visible radi
29、ation in the range between 380 nm and 780 nm. Note 2 to entry: In the field of conservation, this term sometimes extends the range outside the visible portion, including parts of the ultraviolet (UV) and near infrared (IR) regions. SOURCE: CIE S 017/E:2011 3.22 luminaire apparatus which distributes,
30、 filters or transforms the light transmitted from one or more lamps and which includes, except the lamps themselves, all the parts necessary for fixing and protecting the lamps and, where necessary, circuit auxiliaries together with the means for connecting them to the electric supply SOURCE: CIE S
31、017/E:2011 or IEC-IEV 1987-845-10-001 3.23 luminance L quantity defined by the formula: =ddAdLcoswhere L is the luminance in a given direction or at a given point of a surface d is the luminous flux transmitted by an elementary beam passing through the given point and propagating in the solid angle
32、d containing the given direction dA is the area of a section of that beam containing the given point d is the solid angle is the angle between the normal to that section and the direction of the beam (unit: cdm2= lmm2sr1) Note 1 to entry: It corresponds to the light coming from a surface. SOURCE: CI
33、E S 017/E:2011 or IEC-IEV, 1987, 845-01-035 3.24 luminous flux photometric quantity derived from the radiometric quantity radiant flux (radiant power) by evaluating the radiation according to the spectral sensitivity of the human eye (as defined by the CIE standard photometric observer) (unit: lumen
34、, lm) Note 1 to entry: It is the luminous power emitted by a source or received by a surface. Note 2 to entry: For the practical use of this document, in this definition, the values used for the spectral sensitivity of the CIE standard photometric observer are those of the spectral luminous efficien
35、cy function V() (photopic vision). Note 3 to entry: See CIE S 017/E:2011 or IEC-IEV, 1987, 845-01-22 for the definition of spectral luminous efficiency, 845-01-23 for the definition of the CIE standard photometric observer and 845-01-56 for the definition of luminous efficacy of radiation and ISO 23
36、539:2005(E)/CIE S 010/E:2004. PD CEN/TS 16163:2014CEN/TS 16163:2014 (E) 10 3.25 luminous intensity I luminous flux per unit solid angle in that direction (unit: candela, cd = lm sr-1; sr = steradian) Note 1 to entry: It is the luminous flux on a small surface, divided by the solid angle that the sur
37、face subtends at the source (CIE S 017/E:2011 or IEC-IEV, 1987, 845-01-31). Note 2 to entry: The candela is the base SI photometric unit. For its definition, see CIE S 17/E:2011 or IEC-IEV, 1987, 845-01-050 or the BIPM SI Brochure. 3.26 lux symbol lx; SI unit of illuminance Note 1 to entry: For more
38、 information see CIE S 17/E:2011 or IEC-IEV, 1987, 845-01-052 or the BIPM SI Brochure. 3.27 photometric quantities quantities that are based on the perception of radiation by the human eye and are valid only for visible radiation 3.28 radiant flux eradiometric quantity representing the radiant energ
39、y transported per unit time into a region of space by electromagnetic waves (unit: watt, W) 3.29 reflectance ratio of the reflected radiant or luminous flux to the incident flux in the given conditions SOURCE: IEC-IEV, 1987, 845-04-058 3.30 relative damage potential ratio of the damage potential of
40、a specific light source and the damage potential of the CIE standard Illuminant A (2 856 K) (equals to the incandescent lamp); it is dimensionless and assumes values between 0 and 1 3.31 relative damage action spectrum s()dm,reldescribes the wavelength dependence of the photochemical damage properti
41、es, such as fading; it is dimensionless and assumes values between 0 and 1 ( ) ( ) ( ) fsreldm=1,where ( ) is the spectral absorbance ( )f is a function of wavelength determined by the receiving material Note 1 to entry: It is normalised at 300 nm so that s()dm,rel= 1 for = 300 nm (see also Figure 1
42、). SOURCE: CIE 157:2004 PD CEN/TS 16163:2014CEN/TS 16163:2014 (E) 11 3.32 sensitive exhibits museum exhibits, which can be more or less affected by electromagnetic radiations and/or other environmental factors 3.33 source object that produces light or other radiant flux SOURCE: CIE S 17/E:2011 3.34
43、spectral sensitivity s() describes the wavelength dependence of the material properties, such as fading; it is dimensionless and assumes values between 0 and 1 3.35 total luminous exposure H photometric quantity; it is the product of the illuminance by the time of the exhibit exposure; it is measure
44、d in luxhours lxh 3.36 ultraviolet radiation UV part of the electromagnetic spectrum with wavelengths from 10 nm to 380 nm Note 1 to entry: In the museum context UV is usually considered to include wavelengths up to 400 nm. 4 Symbols The notations adopted in this TS are summarized below. Table 1 Sym
45、bols Symbol Unit aQuantity Hm lux-hours per year, lxh per year Annual luminous exposure Ra 1 Colour Rendering Index Tc kelvin, K Colour temperature Pdm watt/lumen, W/lm Damage potential D 1 Daylight factor Edm watt per square metre, Wm-2 Effective damaging irradiance Eeff watt per square metre, Wm-2
46、Effective irradiance E lux, lx=lmm-2Illuminance Ee watt per square metre, Wm-2Irradiance L candela per square metre, cdm-2=lmm-2sr-1Luminance lumen, lm Luminous flux I candela, cd= lmsr-1Luminous intensity e watt, W Radiant flux PD CEN/TS 16163:2014CEN/TS 16163:2014 (E) 12 1 Reflectance s()dm,rel 1
47、Relative damage action spectrum s() 1 Spectral sensitivity H luxhours, lxh Total luminous exposure anon dimensional units are indicated by 1 5 Sensitivity of cultural property to light 5.1 General Light is one of several environmental factors to be considered in establishing a conservation policy. A
48、 prerequisite for optimal lighting is good knowledge of present environmental conditions in the exhibition area. This can be obtained by regularly monitoring lighting conditions by means of regular measurements to account for daily and seasonal variations. Regular monitoring is recommended also afte
49、r the first set up to provide information on the environmental conditions, so that corrective actions can be taken if necessary. 5.2 Mechanisms of damage 5.2.1 General Light may damage vulnerable exhibits by three mechanisms: Photochemical, Radiant heating effect, Growth of biological organisms. The extent to which materials deteriorate under given lighting conditions depends on their chemical composition, the characteristics of the light source, the illuminance levels and
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