1、BSI Standards PublicationAmbient air Sampling andanalysis of airborne pollen grains and fungal spores for allergy networks VolumetricHirst methodPD CEN/TS 16868:2015National forewordThis Published Document is the UK implementation of CEN/TS 16868:2015. The UK participation in its preparation was ent
2、rusted by TechnicalCommittee EH/2, Air quality, to Subcommittee EH/2/3, Ambient atmospheres.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained onrequest to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions ofa contract. Users are responsible f
3、or its correct application. The British Standards Institution 2015.Published by BSI Standards Limited 2015ISBN 978 0 580 88245 6ICS 13.040.20Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This Published Document was published under the authority of theStandards Polic
4、y and Strategy Committee on 30 November 2015.Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate Text affectedPUBLISHED DOCUMENTPD CEN/TS 16868:2015TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION SPCIFICATION TECHNIQUE TECHNISCHE SPEZIFIKATION CEN/TS 16868 November 2015 ICS 13.040.20 English Version Ambient air - Sampling a
5、nd analysis of airborne pollen grains and fungal spores for allergy networks - Volumetric Hirst method Air ambiant - chantillonnage et analyse des grains de pollen et des spores fongiques ariens pour les rseaux arobiologiques - Mthode volumtrique de Hirst Auenluft - Probenahme und Analyse luftgetrag
6、ener Pollen und Pilzsporen fr Allergienetzwerke - Volumetrische Hirst-Methode This Technical Specification (CEN/TS) was approved by CEN on 15 September 2015 for provisional application. The period of validity of this CEN/TS is limited initially to three years. After two years the members of CEN will
7、 be requested to submit their comments, particularly on the question whether the CEN/TS can be converted into a European Standard. CEN members are required to announce the existence of this CEN/TS in the same way as for an EN and to make the CEN/TS available promptly at national level in an appropri
8、ate form. It is permissible to keep conflicting national standards in force (in parallel to the CEN/TS) until the final decision about the possible conversion of the CEN/TS into an EN is reached. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Repu
9、blic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey andUnited Kingdom. EUROPEAN
10、COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2015 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. CEN/TS 16868:2015 EPD CE
11、N/TS 16868:2015CEN/TS 16868:2015 (E) 2 Contents Page European foreword . 3 Introduction 4 1 Scope 5 2 Normative references 5 3 Terms and definitions . 5 4 Principle . 8 5 Sampling . 8 5.1 Equipment . 8 5.1.1 Apparatus . 8 5.1.2 Scrolling speed of support 11 5.1.3 Impaction support . 11 5.1.4 Wind va
12、ne and rain shield 13 5.1.5 Complete sampling system . 14 5.2 Operating procedure 14 5.2.1 Preparation of the coating medium 12 . 14 5.2.2 Support preparation . 15 5.2.3 Changing of the drum 16 6 Analysis 16 6.1 Equipment required 16 6.2 Operating procedure 17 6.2.1 Support 17 6.2.2 Mounting medium
13、17 6.3 Methodology for counting . 18 6.3.1 Glass slide preparation for microscopy analysis for drum tape 13 14 18 6.3.2 Optical microscopy 14 16 . 20 6.3.3 Identification 15 16 . 20 6.3.4 Counting method 20 6.3.5 Data recording . 20 6.3.6 Conversion factor . 21 7 Performance characteristics 10 11 17
14、 18 19 . 22 7.1 General . 22 7.2 Performance requirements 22 7.2.1 Repeatability 22 7.3 Performance recommendations 18 19 22 7.3.1 Reproducibility and accuracy 22 7.3.2 Sensitivity and specificity 22 Annex A (informative) Hirst type volumetric trap 24 Annex B (informative) Pictures of impaction supp
15、ort. 25 Annex C (informative) Safety data sheet . 27 Annex D (informative) Key of determination . 28 Bibliography . 32 PD CEN/TS 16868:2015CEN/TS 16868:2015 (E) 3 European foreword This document (CEN/TS 16868:2015) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 264 “Air quality”, the secretariat of
16、 which is held by DIN. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national
17、 standards organizations of the following countries are bound to announce this Technical Specification: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Li
18、thuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. PD CEN/TS 16868:2015CEN/TS 16868:2015 (E) 4 Introduction Biological particles (pollen and fungal spores) are present in the air, causing health i
19、mpacts at various levels. In Europe, nearly 18 % to 20 % of people suffer from pollinosis due to pollen and/or fungal spores. Pollen grains and fungal spores are considered in some Member States as an air pollutant as well as particles suspended in the air (PM10,2,5). In Europe, European Aerobiology
20、 Society (EAS) in coordination with International Association for Aerobiology (IAA) manage problems of sampling, analysis, quality control, development and information. For the sampling and analysis of biological particles different methodology and operating procedures are used. Sampling equipment i
21、s diversified (see Annex A). Analysis is based on optical light microscopy for identification and counting pollen grains and fungal spores. Elements and reagents used during sampling and analysis have very specific properties and require to be handled carefully. Given the close relationship between
22、aerobiology and other sciences, one of the main aims is that information on airborne biological-particle counts should be of use in a wide range of disciplines and fields of application, including aerobiology, biodiversity, agriculture, forestry, phytopathology, meteorology, climatology, forensic sc
23、ience, bioterrorism, and health (sensitization and allergy). PD CEN/TS 16868:2015CEN/TS 16868:2015 (E) 5 1 Scope This European Standard specifies the procedure to sample continuously and analyse the concentration of airborne pollen grains and fungal spores in ambient air using the volumetric Hirst t
24、ype sampler 1 2 3 (see Annex A). This European Standard describes both the sampling and the analysis procedures for the purpose of allergy networks. For the other tasks mentioned in the introduction, other specifications may be required. 2 Normative references Not applicable. 3 Terms and definitions
25、 For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 accuracy closeness of agreement between a measured quantity value and a true quantity value of a measurement 3.2 bench long work table in a workshop or laboratory 3.3 clockwork mechanism with a spring and toothed gear
26、wheels, used to drive a mechanical clock, toy, or other device 3.4 combined standard measurement uncertainty obtained using the individual standard measurement uncertainties associated with the input quantities in a measurement model 3.5 defatted surface conditions after clearing with a fat removing
27、 substance 3.6 drum cylindrical device for the mounting of a sticky tape 3.7 exine outer layer of the wall of a spore or pollen grain, also called an exosporium 3.8 eyepiece lens or combination of lenses in an optical instrument through which the eye views the image formed by the objective lens or l
28、enses; ocular PD CEN/TS 16868:2015CEN/TS 16868:2015 (E) 6 3.9 flow meter instrument for measuring the flow rate of a fluid in a pipe 3.10 flow rate amount of fluid (e.g. air) that flows in a given time 3.11 fungal spore reproductive unit capable of giving rise to a new individual with or without sex
29、ual fusion 3.12 hood metal cover or canopy for a stove, ventilator, etc 3.13 impaction sampling of airborne particles by inertial separation on any surface (e.g. of an adhesive) 3.14 magnetic stirrer object or mechanical device used for stirring something 3.15 magnification magnifying power of an in
30、strument, e.g. this microscope should give a magnification of about x 100 3.16 microscope optical instrument having a magnifying lens or a combination of lenses for inspecting objects too small to be seen or too small to be seen distinctly and in detail by the unaided eye 3.17 objectives optics (in
31、a telescope, microscope, camera, or other optical system), the lens or combination of lenses, that first receive the rays from the object and form the image in the focal plane of the eyepiece, as in a microscope, or on a plate or screen as in a camera Note 1 to entry: Also called object glass, objec
32、t lens, objective lens. 3.18 orifice opening or aperture, as of a tube or pipe; a mouthpiece with a slotlike opening on the side of the trap 3.19 particle minute portion of matter PD CEN/TS 16868:2015CEN/TS 16868:2015 (E) 7 3.20 pollen male gametophyte of flowering plants, consisting of microscopic
33、grain discharged from the anthers (Angiosperms) or from a male cone (Gymnosperms) Note 1 to entry: Each grain contains two male gametes (only one can fertilize the female ovule). Note 2 to entry: Pollen are transported by wind, water, animals (e.g. insects). 3.21 precision closeness of agreement bet
34、ween indications or measured quantity values obtained by replicate measurements on the same or similar objects under specified conditions 3.22 repeatability condition of measurement, out of a set of conditions that includes the same measurement procedure, same operators, same measuring system, same
35、operating conditions and same location, and replicate measurements on the same or similar objects over a short period of time 3.23 reproducibility condition of measurement, out of a set of conditions that includes different locations, operators, measuring systems, and replicate measurements on the s
36、ame or similar objects 3.24 sensitivity in aerobiology, measurement of the proportion of search particle which is correctly identified 3.25 slide rectangular piece of glass on which an object is mounted or placed for examination under a microscope 3.26 specificity in aerobiology, measurement of the
37、proportion of non-searched particles which are correctly identified as different from the searched particles 3.27 standard measurement uncertainty measurement uncertainty expressed as a standard deviation 3.28 suction production of a negative pressure by the removal of air to force fluid into a vaca
38、nt space 3.29 taxon taxonomic group of any rank, such as a species, family or class 3.30 trap container or device used to collect something PD CEN/TS 16868:2015CEN/TS 16868:2015 (E) 8 3.31 vacuum space from which the air has been completely or partly removed 3.32 vacuum pump pump or device by which
39、a partial vacuum can be produced 3.33 wind vane mechanical device attached to an elevated structure; rotates freely depending on the direction of the wind 4 Principle Ambient air is sampled by a volumetric suction system and directed towards a suitably coated sampling surface through a specific orif
40、ice oriented towards the wind; the particles contained in the sampled air are deposited by impaction on a continuously moving adhesive acceptor surface. The sampling surface is then examined with an optical microscope in order to identify and count the allergy relevant particles per area (deposition
41、 rates). Using this method allows to count particles and subsequently calculate concentrations as a daily mean or a 2-hour mean. The low-volume sampler (10 l/min) allows a continuous sampling for up to seven days 4 5 6. 5 Sampling 5.1 Equipment 5.1.1 Apparatus 5.1.1.1 Motorised suction pump The moto
42、rised suction pump shall work 24 hours a day and continuously throughout the year always at the same flow rate. The power supply may be either mains or battery driven (solar panels). The electric motor shall be capable of continuous operation. The suction system, for instance, a vacuum pump, shall h
43、ave a regular and continuous flow rate. The flow rate of suction may be adjusted by a flow control valve. The flow rate shall be 10 l/min (1 l/min). The flow rate shall be checked at every change of the impaction support with an adapted flow meter (i.e. the flow meter supplied by the same supplier o
44、f the sampler). The flow meter shall be checked annually or less depending on the historical experience. Sampling shall always be continuous and stable. The support shall scroll regularly in front of the back outlet of the orifice; its geometry and the scrolling speed depend on the duration of sampl
45、ing period requested. Example for the sampling area: a support of 48 mm (tape) with a speed of 2 mm/h: sampling period = one day; a flexible support of 336 mm with a speed of 2 mm/h: sampling period = seven days. The scrolling speed may be adjusted to other sampling period durations. The trap can wo
46、rk with two different impaction supports: a drum (see Figure 1a) covered with a coated transparent tape or a glass slide (see Figure 1b) coated. PD CEN/TS 16868:2015CEN/TS 16868:2015 (E) 9 Key 1 lid 2 start reference pointer 3 lock nut 4 orifice start position 5 trapping surface Figure 1a The Hirst
47、volumetric trap showing 7-day lid assembly with drum 5, modified PD CEN/TS 16868:2015CEN/TS 16868:2015 (E) 10 Key 1 lid 3 lock nut 6 trapping surface on slide Figure 1b The Hirst volumetric trap showing 24-h lid assembly with slide 5, modified 5.1.1.2 Specific orifice The orifice shall have the foll
48、owing dimensions (with associated tolerances): rectangular opening: 14 mm (0,1 mm) 2 mm (0,1 mm) depth of the orifice: 19 mm distance from the inside orifice to the drum without the tape: 0,70 mm (0,1 m) The depth allows the non-turbulence of laminar flow and directs the mixture of air and particles
49、 towards the coated support. In consequence, an efficient particle impaction for pollen grains and fungal spores, induced by the laminar flow, is ensured. The outlet of the orifice shall be 0,70 mm (0,1 mm) of the coated support (see Figure 2 distance A-B). The distance allows efficient particle impaction for pollen grains and fungal spores. It shall be controlled with a ruler 7 8 9. The orifice should be directed into the air-stream using a wind vane. PD CEN/TS 16868:2015CEN/TS 16868:2015
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