1、NATIONAL STANDARD OF CANADA Methods of Testing Pulp and Paper Tensile Breaking Properties of Paper and Paperboard (Using Constant Rate-of-Elongation Apparatus) Canadian General Standa .rds Board CAN/CGSB-9.0 NO. 4-92 Copyright Canadian General Standards Board Provided by IHS under license with CGSBN
2、ot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-The CANADIAN GENERAL STANDARDS BOARD (CGSB), under whose auspices this standard has been developed is a government agency within the Federal Department of Supply and Services. CGSB is engaged in the production of volun
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7、 and Maintenance of Standards by CGSB. CGSB standards are subject to review and revision at any time, so as to ensure that they keep abreast of technological progress. Suggestions for their improvement, which are always welcome, should be brought to the notice of the standards committees concerned.
8、Changes to standards are issued either as separate amendment sheets or in new editions of standards. An up-to-date listing of CGSB standards, including details on latest issues and amendments, and ordering instructions, wiii be found in the CGSB Catalogue, which is published annually and is availabl
9、e without charge upon request. Although the intended primary application of this standard is stated in its Scope, it is important to note that it remains the responsibility of the users of the standard to judge its suitability for their particular purpose. Many tests required by CGSB standards are i
10、nherently hazardous. CGSB neither assumes nor accepts any responsibility for any injury or damage that may occur during or as the result of tests, wherever performed. CGSB takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted with any item connected with this standard. Users of thi
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16、d conforms to the criteria and procedures established by the Standards Council of Canada. Approval does not refer to the technical content of the standard; this remains the continuing responsibility of the accredited standards-writing organization. Those who have a need to apply standards are encour
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19、pyright Canadian General Standards Board Provided by IHS under license with CGSBNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-NATIONAL STANDARD OF CANADA CANKGSB-9.0 NO. 4-92 METHODS OF TESTING PULP AND PAPER TENSILE BREAKING PROPERTIES OF PAPER AND PAPERBOARD (U
20、SING CONSTANT RATE-OE-ELONGATION APPARATUS) Prepared Canadian by the Approved by the General Standards Board &* Standards Council of Canada 0 Published January 1992 by the Canadian General Standards Board Ottawa, Canada KIA 1G6 OMinister of Supply and Services Canada - 1992 No part of this publicati
21、on may be reproduced in aiiy fonn without the prior permission of the publisher. Copyright Canadian General Standards Board Provided by IHS under license with CGSBNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-CANADIAN GENERAL STANDARDS BOARD COMMITTEE ON PULP AND
22、 PAPER TEST METHODS (Membership at date of approval) Beattie, J. Black, M. Cleverdon, R.A. Culbert, B. Dixon, G.C. Doane, V. Doutre, D. Douviile, L. Gable, T.H. Gildea, C. Grant, S. Handy, J. Innes, R. Laurin, B. McKenzie, M. Muilin, M. Rashid, M.A. Sipos, I. Suh, Y. Tryl, V. Wood, W .R. Nilsen, E.
23、Secretary F,W, D. Ottawa Board of Education Mirdon Inc. Rensell Paper Products Inc. Inter City Papers Ltd. Crown Paper, Division of Crown Forest Industries Ltd. Tri-Graphic Printing (Ottawa) La. Domtar Fine Papers Ltd. Canada Communication Group Department of Industry, Science and Technology City of
24、 Ottawa Weyerhaeuser Canada Lid. Department of Government Services, Manitoba Department of Energy, Mines and Resources Perkins Papers Ltd. Price Wilson Inc. Les Industries Cascades Lee Papiers Grande Viiie Inc. Government of Alberta Jacpaper Inc. Facelle, Division of Proctor & Gamble Inc. City of To
25、ronto Canadian Pulp and Paper Association Canadian General Standards Board Acknowledgment is made for the French translation of this National Standard of Canada by the Translation Bureau of the Department of the Secretary of Stare. CANKGSB4.0 NO. 4-92 Copyright Canadian General Standards Board Provi
26、ded by IHS under license with CGSBNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-METHODS OF TESTING PULP AND PAPER -5 Ottawa Canada K1A 1G6 Tensile Breaking Properties of Paper and Paperboard (Using Constant Rate-of-Elongation Apparatus) FOREWORD CANKGSB-9.0 NO. 4
27、-92 This method is based on the Technical Section, Canadian Pulp and Paper Association (CPPA) standard D.34, Tensile Breaking Properties of Paper and Paperboard (Using Constant Rate of Elongation Apparatus), dated October 1988. This method may be used in place of the separate methods for tensile str
28、ength Technical Section, CPPA standard D.6H, Tensile Breaking Strength of Paper and Paperboard (Using Constant Rate of Loading Apparatus), dated May 19841 and stretch (Technical Section, CPPA standard D.7H, Suetch of Paper and Paperboard, dated May 1984). These methods are not strictly comparable in
29、 that they call for different sizes of specimens and different testing speeds. Furthermore, standards D.6H and D.7H employ a different tensile tester which is not accurate for papers of low stretch (below 2%). This method permits all three tests to be run simultaneously on the same test specimen. Th
30、e source for these publications is shown in the Notes section. 1. 1.1 1.2 2. 2.1 3. 3.1 3.1.1 3.2 PURPOSE AND SCOPE This method describes a procedure, using constant rate-of-elongation equipment, for determining three tensile breaking properties of paper and paperboard, namely: (1) tensile strength,
31、 (2) stretch, and (3) tensile energy absorption (Note 1). The method is applicable to ail types of paper and board within the limitations of the instruments used. It does not apply to high stretch creped papers or combined corrugated board. The testing and evaluation of a product against this method
32、 may require the use of materAs and/or equipment that could be hazardous. This document does not purport to address ail the safety aspects associated with its use. Anyone using this method has the responsibility to consult the appropriate authorities and to establish appropriate health and safety pr
33、actices in conjunction with any existing applicable regulatory requirements prior to its use. PRINCIPLE A specimen is held between two jaws and tension is applied, under prescribed conditions, until the specimen ruptures. APPLICARLE PURLICATIONS The following publications are applicable to this meth
34、od Technical Section, Canadian Pulp and Paper Association (CPPA) A.3 - Sampling Pulp, Paper and Paperboard for Testing A.4 - Conditioning Paper or Paperboard for Testing. Reference to the above publications is to the latest issues, unless otherwise specified by the authority applying this method. Th
35、e source for these publications is shown in the Notes section. Note I: Tensile strength is indicative of the serviceability of papers, such as wrapping, bag, gummed tape, cable wrupping and printing papers, which are subjected to direct tensile stress. Stretch is indicative of the ability of paper t
36、o conform to a desired contour and is important for towels, napkins, decorative papers, cup stock, indwtrially-used paper tapes and bags used for lining cans, barrels or curtons. Tensile energy absorption is indicative of the durability of papers which will be subjected in use to repetitive strainin
37、g or impact through rough handling, such as multiwall sacks, carrier boards, and other packaging materials. 1 Copyright Canadian General Standards Board Provided by IHS under license with CGSBNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-4. 4.1 4.2 4.3 5. 5.1 5.2
38、 5.3 5.4 6. 6.1 7. 7.1 DEFINITIONS Tensile Strength - The maximum tensile stress developed in a test specimen before rupture under prescribed conditions. Tensile strength is the force per unit width of test specimen. Stretch - The maximum tensile strain developed in the test specimen before rupture,
39、 in a tensile test carried to rupture under prescribed conditions. The stretch is expressed as a percentage, Le., one hundred times the ratio of the increase in length of the test specimen to the original test span. Tensile Energy Absorption (TEA) - The work done when a specimen is stressed to ruptu
40、re under tension under prescribed conditions as measured by the integral of the tensile stress over the range of tensile strain from zero to maximum strain. The TEA is expressed as energy per unit area of test specimen. APPARATUS Tensile testing machine: a constant rate-of-elongation instrument meet
41、ing the following requirements: a. Two clamping jaws, each with a line contact for gripping the specimen, with the line of contact perpendicular to the direction of the applied load, and with means for controlling and adjusting the clamping pressure (Note 2). b. The clamping surfaces of the two jaws
42、 to be in the same plane and so aligned that they hold the test specimen in that same plane throughout the test. c. The distance between line contacts at the start of test to be adjustable and resettable to 10.5 mm for a specified initial test span of 100 k 1.0 mm (Note 3). d. The rate of separation
43、 of jaws to be settable within 10% of 10 mm/min, and once set to be resettable and constant to 14% (Note 4). e. Recorder or indicator, readable to 0.5% of full scale loading force, and capable of retaining a calibration accuracy of ?OS%. Recorder speed or indicator adjustable to provide a readabilit
44、y and accuracy of f0.1% stretch (ItO.1 mm elongation for a test span of 100 mm). Alignment jig (optional): a jig to facilitate centring and aligning the specimen in the jaws, so that the clamping lines of contact are perpendicular to the direction of the applied force and the centre line (long dimen
45、sion) of the specimen coincides with the direction of applied force. Integrator: an integrator to compute directly the work to rupture with an accuracy of &l%. A planimeter may be substituted to measure the area underneath the load-elongation curve. Specimen cutter: a cutter for cutting specimens 15
46、.0 I 0.1 mm wide with sides parallel within 0.1 mm and long enough to be clamped in the instrument jaws set 100 f 1.0 mm apart (Note 5). CALIBRATION The load ceil should be checked for calibration at one load range on a daily basis according to the manufacturers instruction. Also, the load cell shou
47、ld be calibrated throughout the entire load cell range on a yearly basis by the manufacturer (or as deemed necessary by the user). SAMPLING Obtain a sample of the paper in accordance with Technical Section, CPPA standard A.3. Condition the sample in accordance with Technical Section, CPPA standard A
48、.4 prior to cutting the specimens (Note 6). Note 2: “Line contact describes the clumping zone resulting from gripping the specimen between a cylindrical and a $ut surfuce. Note 3: An initial test span of 200 rt 1.0 nun may be used. Note 4: A rate of separation of 20 mm/min, settable within IO%, will
49、 be used for u test span of 200 * 1 .O nun. Note 5: The specimen is cut 100 mm longer for a test span of 200 $: 1 .O mm. Note 6: The exposure of paper to high relative humidis before conditioning can lead to a substantial increase (30% not uncommon) in stretch and consequently, in tensile energy absorption. Careful protection of the sample from the time of sampling until testing is therefore very important. 2 NO. 4-92 Copyright Canadian General Standards Board Provided by IHS under license w
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