CIE 203-2012 A COMPUTERIZED APPROACH TO TRANSMISSION AND ABSORPTION CHARACTERISTICS OF THE HUMAN EYE (Including Erratum 1 09 2012)《人眼的透射和吸收特性的计算机化方法》.pdf

1、 A COMPUTERIZED APPROACH TO TRANSMISSION AND ABSORPTION CHARACTERISTICS OF THE HUMAN EYE CIE 203:2012 incl. Erratum 1 UDC: 612.014.481-06 Descriptor: Optical radiation effects on humans 617.7001.15 Action of light on the eye ISBN 978 3 902842 43 5 THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ILLUMINATION The Int

2、ernational Commission on Illumination (CIE) is an organisation devoted to international co -operation and exchange of information among its member countries on all matters relating to the art and science of lighting. Its membership consists of the National Committees in about 40 countries. The objec

3、tives of the CIE are: 1. To provide an international forum for the discussion of all matters relating to the science, technology and art in the fields of light and lighting and for the interchange of information in these fields between countries. 2. To develop basic standards and procedures of metro

4、logy in the fields of light and lighting. 3. To provide guidance in the application of principles and procedures in the development of international and national standards in the fields of light and lighting. 4. To prepare and publish standards, reports and other publications concerned with all matt

5、ers relating to the science, technology and art in the fields of light and lighting. 5. To maintain liaison and technical interaction with other international organisations concerned with matters related to the science, technology, standardisation and art in the fields of light and lighting. The wor

6、k of the CIE is carried on by seven Divisions each with about 20 Technical Committees. This work covers subjects ranging from fundamental matters to all types of lighting applications. The standards and technical reports developed by these international Divisions of the CIE are accepted throughout t

7、he world. A plenary session is held every four years at which the work of the Divisions and Technical Committees is reviewed, reported and plans are made for the future. The CIE is recognised as the authority on all a spects of light and lighting. As such it occupies an important position among inte

8、rnational organisations. LA COMMISSION INTERNATIONALE DE LECLAIRAGE La Commission Internationale de lEclairage (CIE) est une organisation qui se donne pour but la coopra tion internationale et lchange dinformations entre les Pays membres sur toutes les questions relatives lart et la science de lclai

9、rage. Elle est compose de Comits Nationaux reprsentant environ 40 pays. Les objectifs de la CIE sont : 1. De constituer un centre dtude international pour toute matire relevant de la science, de la technologie et de lart de la lumire et de lclairage et pour lchange entre pays dinformations dans ces

10、domaines. 2. Dlaborer des normes et des mthodes de base pour la mtrologie dans les domaines de la lumire et de lclairage. 3. De donner des directives pour lapplication des principes et des mthodes dlaboration de normes internationales et nationales dans les domaines de la lumire et de lclairage. 4.

11、De prparer et publier des normes, rapports et autres textes, concernant toutes matires relatives la science, la technologie et lart dans les domaines de la lumire et de lclairage. 5. De maintenir une liaison et une collaboration technique avec les autres organisations internationales concernes par d

12、es sujets relatifs la science, la technologie, la normalisation et lart dans les domaines de la lumire et de lclairage. Les travaux de la CIE sont effectus par 7 Divisions, ayant chacune environ 20 Comits Techn iques. Les sujets dtudes stendent des questions fondamentales, tous les types dapplicatio

13、ns de lclairage. Les normes et les rapports techniques labors par ces Divisions Internationales de la CIE sont reconnus dans le monde entier. Tous les quatre ans, une Session plnire passe en revue le travail des Divisions et des Comits Techniques, en fait rapport et tablit les projets de travaux pou

14、r lavenir. La CIE est reconnue comme la plus haute autorit en ce qui concerne tous les aspects de la lumire et de lclairage. Elle occupe comme telle une position importante parmi les organisations internationales. DIE INTERNATIONALE BELEUCHTUNGSKOMMISSION Die Internationale Beleuchtungskommission (C

15、IE) ist eine Organisation, die sich der internationale n Zusammenarbeit und dem Austausch von Informationen zwischen ihren Mitgliedslndern bezglich der Kunst und Wissenschaft der Lichttechnik widmet. Die Mitgliedschaft besteht aus den Nationalen Komitees in rund 40 Lndern. Die Ziele der CIE sind : 1

16、. Ein internationaler Mittelpunkt fr Diskussionen aller Fragen auf dem Gebiet der Wissenschaft, Technik und Kunst der Lichttechnik und fr den Informationsaustausch auf diesen Gebieten zwischen den einzelnen Lndern zu sein. 2. Grundnormen und Verfahren der Messtechnik auf dem Gebiet der Lichttechnik

17、zu entwickeln. 3. Richtlinien fr die Anwendung von Prinzipien und Vorgngen in der Entwicklung internationaler und nationaler Normen auf dem Gebiet der Lichttechnik zu erstellen. 4. Normen, Berichte und andere Publikationen zu erstellen und zu verffentlichen, die alle Fragen auf dem Gebiet der Wissen

18、schaft, Technik und Kunst der Lichttechnik betreffen. 5. Liaison und technische Zusammenarbeit mit anderen internationalen Organisationen zu unterhalten, die mit Fragen der Wissenschaft, Technik, Normung und Kunst auf dem Gebiet der Lichttechnik zu tun haben. Die Arbeit der CIE wird in 7 Divisionen,

19、 jede mit etwa 20 Technischen Komitees, geleistet. Diese Arbeit betrifft Gebiete mit grundlegendem Inhalt bis zu allen Arten der Lichtanwendung. Die Normen und Technischen Berichte, die von diesen international zusammengesetzten Divisionen ausgearbeitet werden, sind auf der ganzen Welt anerkannt. Al

20、le vier Jahre findet eine Session statt, in der die Arbeiten der Divisionen berprft, bericht et und neue Plne fr die Zukunft ausgearbeitet werden. Die CIE wird als hchste Autoritt fr alle Aspekte des Lichtes und der Beleuchtung angesehen. Auf diese Weise unterhlt sie eine bedeutende Stellung unter d

21、en internationalen Organisationen. Published by the COMMISSION INTERNATIONALE DE LECLAIRAGE CIE Central Bureau Kegelgasse 27, A-1030 Vienna, AUSTRIA Tel: +43(1)714 31 87 0, Fax: +43(1)714 31 87 18 e-mail: ciecbcie.co.at WWW: http:/www.cie.co.at/ CIE 2012 - All rights reserved A COMPUTERIZED APPROACH

22、 TO TRANSMISSION AND ABSORPTION CHARACTERISTICS OF THE HUMAN EYE CIE 203:2012 incl. Erratum 1 UDC: 612.014.481-06 Descriptor: Optical radiation effects on humans 617.7001.15 Action of light on the eye ISBN 978 3 902842 43 5 CIE 203:2012 incl. Erratum 1 II This Technical Report has been prepared by C

23、IE Technical Committee 6-15 of Division 6 “Photobiology and Photochemistry“ and has been approved by the Board of Administration of the Commission Internationale de lEclairage for study and application. The document reports on current knowledge and experience within the specific field of light and l

24、ighting described, and is intended to be used by the CIE membership and other interested parties. It should be noted, however, that the status of this document is advisory and not mandatory. Ce rapport technique a t labor par le Comit Technique CIE 6-15 de la Division 6 “Photobiologie et Photochimie

25、“ et a t approuv par le Bureau de la Commission Internationale de lEclairage, pour tude et emploi. Le document expose les connaissances et lexprience actuelles dans le domaine particulier de la lumire et de lclairage dcrit ici. Il est destin tre utilis par les membres de la CIE et par tous les intre

26、sss. Il faut cependant noter que ce document est indicatif et non obligatoire. Dieser Technische Bericht ist vom Technischen Komitee CIE 6-15 der Division 6 “Photobiologie und Photochemie“ ausgearbeitet und vom Vorstand der Commission Internationale de lEclairage gebilligt worden. Das Dokument beric

27、htet ber den derzeitigen Stand des Wissens und Erfahrung in dem behandelten Gebiet von Licht und Beleuchtung; es ist zur Verwendung durch CIE-Mitglieder und durch andere Interessierte bestimmt. Es sollte jedoch beachtet werden, dass das Dokument eine Empfehlung und keine Vorschrift ist. Any mention

28、of organisations or products does not imply endorsement by the CIE. Whilst every care has been taken in the compilation of any lists, up to the time of going to press, these may not be comprehensive. Toute mention dorganisme ou de produit nimplique pas une prfrence de la CIE. Malgr le soin apport la

29、 compilation de tous les documents jusqu la mise sous presse, ce travail ne saurait tre exhaustif. Die Erwhnung von Organisationen oder Erzeugnissen bedeutet keine Billigung durch die CIE. Obgleich groe Sorgfalt bei der Erstellung von Verzeichnissen bis zum Zeitpunkt der Drucklegung angewendet wurde

30、, besteht die Mglichkeit, dass diese nicht vollstndig sind. CIE 2012 - All rights reserved CIE 203:2012 incl. Erratum 1 III The following members of TC 6-15 “A Computerized Approach to Reflection, Transmission, and Absorption Characteristics of the Human Eye” took part in the preparation of this Tec

31、hnical Report. The committee comes under Division 6 “Photobiology and Photochemistry”. Members: Lund, D.J. USA (Chair) Marshall, J. United Kingdom Mellerio, J. United Kingdom Okuno, T. Japan Schulmeister, K. Austria Sliney, D. USA Sderberg, P. Sweden Stuck, B. USA van Norren, D. Netherlands Zuclich,

32、 J. USA Advisors: Barker, F. USA Hoover, H. USA Wengraitis, S. USA CIE 203:2012 incl. Erratum 1 IV CONTENTS Summary . V Rsum . V Zusammenfassung . V ERRATUM 1 . E-1 1 Introduction 1 2 Scope . 1 3 Background 1 4 Methods and Results 2 4.1 Cornea 3 4.2 Aqueous and Vitreous . 4 4.3 Lens 5 4.4 Total Tran

33、smission 7 4.5 Direct Transmission . 9 4.6 Transmission of the Ageing Human Eye 14 4.7 Spectral Reflectance of the Retina 16 5 Discussion 16 6 Spectral Considerations . 19 7 Recommendations for Future Work . 19 Annex A Tables of Absorption and Transmission Data of the Human and the Rhesus Eye . 20 R

34、eferences . 59 CIE 203:2012 incl. Erratum 1 V A COMPUTERIZED APPROACH TO TRANSMISSION AND ABSORPTION CHARACTERISTICS OF THE HUMAN EYE Summary There has long been a need for a series of reference spectral transmission an d absorption data for the human eye for applications in eye research and optical

35、 safety studies. TC 6-15 collected spectral data from the literature and determined from that literature the best form for the wavelength dependence of the transmission and absorption of the components of the human eye. After critical review, the data have been compiled in tabular form in comma-deli

36、mited computer-accessible data files. The tabulated data consist of the transmission and absorption data of the clear ocular media, including the cornea, the aqueous, the lens, and the vitreous of the young ( 3 vs. 1), which differed from the total transmission equation in that it provided a stronge

37、r scatter function and greater baseline optical density.” should read: “Van de Kraats (2007) also included an empirical equation giving the transmittance for a small field of view (1 vs. 3), which differed from the total transmission equation in that it provided a stronger scatter function and great

38、er baseline optical density.” 4. Page 16: Equation (5): D, media() = (0,3 + 0,00031 a2) (400/)4 + 14,19 10,68 exp( - 0,057 ( 273)2 ) + (1,05 0,000 063 a2) 2,13 exp( - 0,029 ( - 370)2 ) + (0,059 + 0,000 186 a2) 11,95 exp( - 0,021 (- 325)2 ) + (0,016 + 0,000 132 a2) 1,43 exp( - 0,008 ( - 325)2 ) + 0,1

39、7(5) should read: D, media() = (0,3 + 0,000031 a2) (400/)4 + 14,19 10,68 exp( 0,057 ( 273)2 ) + (1,05 0,000 063 a2) 2,13 exp( 0,029 ( 370)2 ) + (0,059 + 0,000 186 a2) 11,95 exp( 0,021 ( 325)2 ) + (0,016 + 0,000 132 a2) 1,43 exp( 0,008 ( 325)2 ) + 0,17(5) CIE 203:2012 incl. Erratum 1 1 1 Introduction

40、 The spectral transmittance of the human ocular media has been studied for decades (Ludvigh 1938, Alpern 1965, Boettner 1962a, Geeraets 1968, Mellerio 1971 and 1987, Weale 1988, Werner 1982, Ambach 1994, Kolozsvri 2002, Lei 2006, Kessel 2010). Many of these studies were limited to a single component

41、 of the eye, usually cornea or lens, and have been limited in spectral range covered, usually including only visible and ultraviolet (UV). The results are complicated by the fact that the spectral transmission of the ocular media changes with the age of the eye (Pierscionek 1996). Thus the studies s

42、how a significant variation in ocular transmission and the spectral dependence of that transmission. It is the purpose of this report to present, in tabular form, ocular transmission data for the pre-retinal ocular media derived from consideration of the literature and considered representative of t

43、he spectral prop erties of the human eye. The tabulated data included in this report were developed based on data for 2 years to 8 years old rhesus eyes and are characteristic of a young ( 3 vs. 1), which differed from the total transmission equation in that it provided a stronger scatter function a

44、nd greater baseline optical density. The empirical equation, modified to fit the direct transmittance data of Table A.6 when calculated for a 1 year to 10 years old human eye is as follows: D, media() = (0,3 + 0,00031 a2) (400/)4 + 14,19 10,68 exp( - 0,057 ( 273)2 ) + (1,05 0,000 063 a2) 2,13 exp( -

45、 0,029 ( - 370)2 ) + (0,059 + 0,000 186 a2) 11,95 exp( - 0,021 (- 325)2 ) + (0,016 + 0,000 132 a2) 1,43 exp( - 0,008 ( - 325)2 ) + 0,17 (5) The data derived via this empirical equation, converted to transmittance data, are tabulated in Table A.8 and compared to the direct transmittance data of Table

46、 A.6 in Figure 20. NOTE The direct transmittance curve according to the data of Table A.6 for a young human eye, T(dir), is shown for comparison. Figure 20 Spectral distribution of the direct transmittance of the ageing human eye computed via the methods of van de Kraats (2007) 4.7 Spectral Reflecta

47、nce of the Retina Berendschot et al. (2003) offer an excellent review of the ideas and problems associated with retinal reflectance. The following three studies offer further insight: Delori (1989), Zagers (2004), and van de Kraats (2008). 5 Discussion This report recommends ocular transmittance cur

48、ves for the human ocular media based data obtained by measurement of the rhesus eye. It remains to test whether the resulting curves adequately describe the human eye. A first test is to compare the final curves to the tabulated data for human ocular transmission taken from Boettner (1967). These tabulated data are the CIE 203:2012 incl. Erratum 1 17 average of the spectral transmittances of 9 eyes, ages ranging from 4 weeks old to 75 years old. Figure 21 shows that comparison for total transmission. The fits are reasonable across the s