1、COMMISSION INTERNATIONALE DE LCLAIRAGE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ILLUMINATION INTERNATIONALE BELEUCHTUNGSKOMM ISSION ROAD SURFACES AND LIGHTING Joint technical report CIE / PIARC CIE 66 - i984 COPYRIGHT International Commission on IlluminationLicensed by Information Handling ServicesCIE 66 84 9006
2、345 0002776 682 I This technical report deals basically with the relationship between the photometric characteristics (reflection properties) of road surfaces and their construction (compositions and texture). It is intended as a guide for road constructors and for lighting designers. Therefore the
3、report has been drafted jointly by experts on reflection by road surfaces in the CIE and by experts on road constructions in PIARC. The report is a summary of recommendations or technical reports of the CIE and gives supplementary information known by experts on this subject, which has not yet offic
4、ially been published by CIE or PIARC. Some of this information is provisional. It is hoped that it will stimulate investigators who are interested in this field to collect valuable additional data which may lead to more accurate information. Dieser Technische Bericht behandelt das Verhltnis zwischen
5、 photometrischen Charakteristika (Reflexionseigenschaften) von Straenbelgen und ihrer Konstruktion (Zusammensetzung und Struktur). Es ist als Richtlinie fr Straenbauer und Lichtplaner gedacht. Deshalb wurde der Bericht von Experten fr Reflexion durch Straenbelge in der CIE und von Straenbauexperten
6、in PIARC gemeinsam zusammengestellt. Der Bericht stellt eine Zusammenfassung von Empfehlungen oder Technischen Berichten der CIE dar und gibt weitere Informationen, die noch nicht von CIE oder PIARC offiziell verffentlicht wurden. Einige dieser Informationen sind vorlufig. Es steht zu wnschen, da in
7、teressierte Forscher dadurch angeregt werden, wertvolle zustzliche Daten zu sammeln, die ZU genaueren Informationen fhren knnen. Ce rapport technique traite de la relation entre les caractrktiques photomtriques (qualits de rflexion) des revtements routiers et de leur construction (composition et str
8、ucture). II est destin setvir comme guide pour les constructeurs de routes et pour les clairagistes. Pour cette raison le rapport a t labore en commun par des experts en rflexion par des revtements routiers dans la CIE et par des experts en construction de routes dans la PIARC. Le rapport est un rsu
9、m des recommendations ou rapports techniques de la CIE et offre des informations supplmentaires qui nont pas t publies officiellement par la CIE ou la PIARC. Une partie de ces informations est provisoire. II est esprer quil va stimuler les chercheurs intresss dans ce sujet rassembler dautres donnes
10、importantes qui conduiront une information plus exacte. The preparation of this technical report started in October 1977. Engineers for road lighting and road construction worked together in the joint subcommittee “Fundamentals of Road Surfaces“ of CI E TC-4.6 “Road Lighting“, and PI ARC TC “Surface
11、 Characteristics“. The report concerns civil engineering properties as well as the reflection properties of road surfaces under day and night time conditions. Construction and maintenance of road surfaces are always based on a compromise of different parameters which are relevant for the comfort and
12、 safety of the road users. There is an urgent need for further research work in this field especially with regard to road markings as a covering part of the road surface. In 1983 the report was approved by the majority of the relevant technical committees of CIE and PIARC and is recommended for stud
13、y and application. This report is not an officially agreed CI E/PIARC recommendation approved by the National Committees of the member countries. It should be noted that any recommendations in this report are advisory and not mandatory. Members of the subcommittee which prepared this report were : V
14、AN BOMMEL (Netherlands) KING BURGHOUT (Netherlands) MASSART COBB (Great Britain) SARTEEL FISHER (Australia) Miss SERRES VAN GORKUM (Netherlands) S0RENSEN VAN HEYSTRAETEN (Belgium) WALTHERT KEBSCHULL (Fed. Rep. of Germany) ZIEGLER (USA) (Belgium) (Belgium) (France) (Denmark) (Switzerland) (Fed. Rep.
15、of Germany) -I- COPYRIGHT International Commission on IlluminationLicensed by Information Handling Services CIE 66 84 9006345 0002797 519 A. FISHER H. PROCHAZKA F. SARTEEL K. SMOTCHEVSKI A. KETVIRTIS F. BEHAL K. S0RENSEN P. HAUTALA J.V. GAUDEL M. ECKERT W. KEBSCHULL R.W. HOLMES P. GERGELY M. SAND M.
16、 BONOMO K. NARISADA D.A. SCHREUDER A. PECZYNSKA A.P. MARGUES G. IONITA R.S. YATES R.S. MARTIN K.O. HEDMAN W. RIEMENSCHNEIDER R.N. SCHWAB O.G. KORJAGIN B. SIROLA H.-H. BJORSET Members of CI E Technical Committee 4.6 during the preparation of this report Australia, Chairman Austria Belgium Bulgaria Ca
17、nada Czechoslovakia Denmark Finland France German Dem. Rep. Germany, Fed. Rep. Great Britain Hungary tsrael Italy Japan Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania South Africa Spain Sweden Switzerland USA USSR Yugoslavia A. PASQUET J. DAMES W. SCHWADERER J. CHAVET G. DESCORNET L. HELEVEN J.P. LEYDER
18、 J. REICHERT J. BANKE F. ACHUTEGUI C. MORA TORRES J. MORERA BOSCH A. DAVIS G. GRATIA C. LAMURE J. LUCAS Miss A.M. SERRES T.J. CARROLL J.R. HOSKING G. LEES G.F. SALT V. CASTAG N ETTA F. DELLA SCALA S, NAGUMO S. D0RUM M. NIJHOF B. WALAT G. TESSIER G. MAGNUSSON E. OH LSSON S. HUSCHECK M. PROCHAZKA L. R
19、ONDOS Members of PI ARC Technical Committee on “Surface Characteristics“ during the 1980-1983 period France, President Fed. Rep. of Germany Fed. Rep. of Germany Belgium Belgium Belgium Belgium Belgium Denmark Spain Spain Spain France France France France France Great Britain Great Britain Great Brit
20、ain Great Britain Italy Italy Japan Norway The Netherlands Poland Quebec Sweden Sweden Switzerland Czechoslovakia Ctechoslova kia - II - COPYRIGHT International Commission on IlluminationLicensed by Information Handling ServicesCIE 66 BY I 9006345 0002798 455 I TABLE OF CONTENTS Summary . 1 . Introd
21、uction 1.1 Scope 1.2 Importance of road reflection . 1.3 Influence of illuminator on contrast rendition and visibility 2 . Civil engineering properties of road pavements 2.1 Characteristic functions 2.1.0. Preamble . 2.1.1. Skid resistance . 2.1.2. Evenness and surface drainage . 2.1.3. Rolling nois
22、e level 2.1.4. Lightness . 2.2 Construction 2.2.1. Cement concrete pavements . 2.2.2. Asphaltic pavements . 2.2.3. Maintenance and strengthening of roads 2.3 Classification 3 . Characterisation of reflection properties of road surfaces 3.1 Reflection properties for road lighting . 3.1.1. Conventions
23、 . 3.1.2. Description by means of reflection tables . 3.1.3. Simplified description system 3.1.4. Classification of dry road surfaces 3.1.5. Application for dry road surfaces . 3.1.6. Wet road surfaces . Reflection properties for headlights . 3.2.1. Conventions . 3.2.2. Influence of measuring angles
24、 3.2.3. Simplified description . 3.2.4. Dry and wet conditions 3.2.5. Opposing headlights . 3.3 Reflection properties for daylight 3.3.1. Conventions . 3.3.2. Some typical daylight conditions . 3.3.3. Description by means of r-tables . 3.3.4. Standard surfaces in typical daylight conditions 3.3.5. S
25、implified description. classification and application 3.2 4 . Measurement of reflection properties 4.1 Sampling for typical conditions 4.1.1. General . 4.1.2. Removal of samples for laboratory measurements 4.2 Measurement . General considerations . 4.2.1. Measuring equipment 4.2.2. Plane of referenc
26、e . 4.2.3. Alignment of equipment and sample 4.2.4. Measuring field . Pages 1 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 6 6 6 10 14 15 16 16 17 18 21 28 29 29 30 31 34 34 37 37 38 39 40 41 44 45 45 45 45 45 47 47 47 . III . COPYRIGHT International Commission on IlluminationLicensed by Information Handling ServicesCIE 66 84 9
27、0061i45 0002799 391, 4.2.5. Illuminated field 4.2.6. Measurements on samples . 4.2.7. Simplified measurements in situ Measurement . road lighting or daylight as illuminator 4.3;l. General remarks 4.3.2. Angles of illumination and observation 4.3.3. Aperture angles 4.3.4. Calibration 4.3.5. Measureme
28、nts in situ 4.4 Measurement . headlight as illuminator 4.4.1. General remarks 4.4.2. Measuring angles 4.4.3. Aperture angles 4.4.4. Calibration 4.4.5. Measuring equipment . 4.3 5 . Reflection and some civil engineering properties of road surfaces 5.1 Relationship between reflective and civil enginee
29、ring properties . 5.2 Preferred reflection properties . 5.3 Relation between reflection and composition of top layers . 6 . Roadmarkings . 7 . Re ferences/Bibliograph y . 8 . Appendix . Definitions of terms 8.1 Composition . 8.2 Surface characteristics . 8.3 Lighting 9 . Appendix . References . Page
30、s 47 49 49 49 49 50 50 51 52 52 52 52 53 53 53 54 54 56 59 61 67 67 69 70 . IV . COPYRIGHT International Commission on IlluminationLicensed by Information Handling Services CIE bb 84 900b345 0002800 933 SUMMARY This report contains basic information on road surfaces as a guide for road constructors
31、and lighting designers. Chapter 1. This chapter presents the scope of the report and indicates the importance of the road reflection, which depends on the nature of the pavement, its physical state and the kind of illumination (street- light, headlight, daylight). Chapter 2. Civil engineering proper
32、ties such as skid resistance, evenness and surface drainage, rolling noise level and lightness influencing traffic are dealt with. The composition of road pavements (cement concrete and asphaltic pavements) and the influence of the macro and micro texture of the upper layer on the above mentioned ch
33、aracteristics are also discussed. A classification of road surfaces based on their macrotexture is presented. Chapter 3, The reflection properties of road surfaces for streetlights are characterised by luminance coeffi- cients q (luminance divided by horizontal illuminance) for fixed observation and
34、 variable light inci- dence. A simplified characterisation for dry conditions is defined by means of the average luminance coefficient 00 (fixed illumination zone) and the specular factor S1 (ratio of 2 individual luminance coefficients). For design purposes a new classification system with 2 dry st
35、andards based on S1 is recommended which leads to the same order of accuracy as the former 4class systems. For wet conditions reference is made to CIE publication no 47. The reflection properties of road surfaces for a drivers own headlights are characterised by the coefficient qH (luminance divided
36、 by vertical illuminance) which seems to be strongly dependent on the ratio of incidence to observation angles. Some data on road surfaces with different macrotexture in dry and wet conditions are presented. There is little knowledge about reflection properties valid for opposing headlights. The ref
37、lection properties of road surfaces for daylight illumination can be described as for streetlights. The overcast sky leads to an average luminance coefficient very similar to 00 (dry condi- tion). The same holds for the clear sky. A special case occurs only for opposing sunlight under glan- cing ang
38、les. In many cases the simplified system for streetlights is valid also for daylight. Chapter 4. The requirements for measurements of the reflection properties are presented, taking into ac- count streetlight or daylight and headlight as illuminator. The chapter includes laboratory equipment as well
39、 as portable Set-ups for simplified measurements. Special attention is paid to the sampling, the optical system of the measuring device, the measuring field and illuminated field, the angles of illumi- nation and observation, the apertures and the calibration procedure. Measuring problems with head-
40、 light as illuminator have not yet been solved. Chapter 5. Firstly a list of references states the relationship between lighting characteristics and macro- texture plus colour or lightness. 1 COPYRIGHT International Commission on IlluminationLicensed by Information Handling ServicesCIE 66 84 9006145
41、 0002801 87T Secondly preferred road surfaces should lead to high values of luminance and uniformity. These are met with low values of the specular factor S1 0.4, and high values of the average luminance coefficient Qo (dry condition). This recommendation holds for all types of illuminators. The eff
42、ect on the visibility of road markings is not yet clear. Thirdly with regard to the composition of the top layer, asphaltic pavements including at least 30 % of white chippings, or cement concrete, should be used. These recommendations are based only on lighting considerations. In practice additiona
43、l econo- mic considerations and requirements from civil engineering properties have to be taken into account in order to find an acceptable compromise. Chapter 6. Road markings as a covering part of the.road pavement must be visible in all situations : during day and night time, in dry and wet condi
44、tions. Their photometric characteristics are colour, average luminance coefficient and the coefficient of retroreflective luminance. In practice white or yellow materials, sometimes improved by retroreflective glass beads (to work with headlights) are in use. Many visibility problems, on light road
45、surfaces or in adverse weather conditions remain unsolved. There is thus a need for further research work in this field, and CIE and PIARC, always in close cooperation, will prepare a separate report about road markings. 2 COPYRIGHT International Commission on IlluminationLicensed by Information Han
46、dling ServicesCIE 66 4 900bLi.15 0002802 706 1, INTRODUCTION 1.1 - Scope This technical report deals basically with the relationship between the photometric characteristics (reflection properties) of road surfaces and their construction (compositions and texture). It is intended as a guide for road
47、constructors and for lighting designers. Therefore the report has been drafted jointly by experts on reflection by road surfaces in the CIE and by experts on road construction in PIARC. The report is a summary of recommendations or technical reports of the CIE and gives supple- mentary information k
48、nown by experts on this subject, which has not yet officially been published by CiE or PIARC. Some of this information is provisional. It is hoped that it will stimulate investiga- tors who are interested in this field to collect valuable additional data which may lead to more accu- rate information
49、. 1.2 - Importance of road reflection What the eye perceives from a secondary source, like an illuminated surface, depends not only on the illuminance (“1 but also on its reflection characteristics. No level of illumination can cause a luminance (“1 on a pure black surface. Visual perception, e.g. of an obstacle on the road, results from a subjective impression of a brightness contrast and of colour contrast originated by a difference of luminances between the obstacle and its background. Data with regard to the relationship between
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