1、COMMISSION INTERNATIONALE DE LECLAIRAGE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ILLUMINATION INTERN Ail ON ALE BELEUCHTUNGSKOM MISSION GUIDE FOR THE PHOTOMETRIC SPECIFICATION AND MEASUREMENT OF SPORTS LIGHTING INSTALLATIONS PUBLICATION CIE NO 67 (1986) CENTRAL BUREAU OF THE CIE A-1033 VIENNA, P. O. BOX 169 - AU
2、STRIA CIE 67 Ab m 9006345 0002873 393 This Technical Report has been prepared by CIE Technical Committee TC-4.4 (within the former CIE structure) and has been approved by CIE Division 5 and the Council of the Commission Internationale de 1Eclairage for study and application. The document reports on
3、current knowledge and experience within the specific field of light and lighting described, and is intended to be used by the CIE membership and other interested parties. In the case of this Guide it is expected that it will be used as a basis for national and international Recommendations or Codes
4、of Practice. It should be noted, however, that the status of this document is advisory and not mandatory. The latest CIE proceedings or Journal should be consulted regarding possible subsequent amendments. Any mention of organisations or products does not imply endorsement by the CIE. Whilst every c
5、are has been taken in the compilation of any lists, up to the time of going to press, these may not be comprehensive. 0 CIE 1986 II CIE 67 Bb I 9006145 0002872 02T W This report was prepared by Technical Committee 4.4. Members of Technical Committee 4.4: S. Burrage (W.R.C. Bennett from 1976/80) H. P
6、rochazka M. Philippot (M. Hennaux from 1976/80) N. Vassilev S .W. McKnight S. Raso J. Gudum (I. Ovesen from 1976/80) E. Kasurinen 3. Valin H. Schubert C.H.Zieseniss (A. Wald from 1976/80) R.C. Aldworth, Chairman P. Gergely M. Sand R. Grandi T. Saitow J.J. Balder J. Ringen M. Wierzbowski D. Mendes I.
7、 Maior B. Lester (W. Wilmans from 1976/80) J.M. Rivero T. Gabrielsson (B. Persson from 1976/80) T.M. Lemons G.R. Chahparunians R. Paligoric Austral ia Austria Belgium Bulgar ia Canada Czechoslovakia Denmark Finland Franc e German Dem. Rep. Germany, Fed. Rep. Great Britain Hung ar y Israel Italy Japa
8、n Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Rumania South Africa Spain Sweden U.S.A. US SR Yugo s 1 av ia III CIE 67 86 I 9006345 O002873 Tbb i TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Objectives 2. SPECIFICATION OF LIGHTING PERFORMANCE Page 1 1 1 3. SPECIFICATION OF GRIDS FOR CALCULATION AND MEASUREMENT 2 3
9、.1. General case 2 3.2. Preferred method for vertical plane illuminance determination 5 3.3. Alternatives to vertical plane illuminance 5 3.5. Grids for tracks 8 3.6. Interior installations 9 3.4. Grids for football pitches and stadia 8 4. SITE ILLUMINANCE SURVEYS 4.1. Measuring equipnent 4.2. Measu
10、rement record 5. EVALUATION OF CALCULATED OR MEASURED RESULTS 5.1. Average horizontal plane illuminance 5.2. Average vertical plane illuminance 5.3. Uniformity ratio 5.4. Regulation for special measurement values 9 11 11 12 12 12 12 13 IV Summary. The purpose of this report is to establish standard
11、procedures for calculation, measurement and reporting of the illainance characteristics of interior and exterior sports lighting installations. By this means it will be possible to compare the performance of alternative lighting systems on a common basis at the design stage of the project, and relat
12、e this directly to the illuminance measurements made on site under the completed lighting installation. A number of alternative approaches are given, in order to allow the user or specifier to select a procedure suited to a particular project. Rsum. Ce guide a pour but dtablir des procdures standard
13、ises pour les calculs , les mesures et les relevs des caractristiques lunineuses des installations dclairage lintrieur et lextrieur des installations sportives. Ainsi il sera possible de comparer les performances de plusieurs systmes dclairage, sur des bases identiques, lors de la conception dun pro
14、jet et de vrifier le rsultat obtenu, sur le site, par des mesures effectues sur linstallation ralise. Plusieurs cas sont considers, de facon permettre lutilisateur ou au demandeur, de choisir la procdure spcifique adopter. Zusannnenfassune. In diesem Bericht werden Standardvorschlge fr die Berechnun
15、g, Messung und Beschreibung der Innen- und Aussenbeleuchtung von Sporthallen und Sportplkze gemacht, Hierdurch wird es mglich, verschiedene Beleuchtungssysteme im Planungsstadium auf einer gemeinsamen Basis zu vergleichen und die Ergebnisse direkt durch Messung in der fertiggestellten Anlage zu kont
16、rollieren. Es werden verschiedene Vorschlge gemacht, die es dem Betreiber oder Planer ermbglichen, fr ihn spezifisch geeignete Verfahren fr ein spezielles Projekt zu whlen. V 1. INTRODUCTION Most performance specifications for the lighting of interior and exterior sports areas are drawn up in terms
17、of: a. Horizontal plane illuminance (Eh) b. Vertical plane illuminance (Ev) c. Uniformity of illuminance over one or more of these planes d. Ratio of average Eh to E, The usual design process involves the calculation of these values for alternative lighting systems so that their performance can be c
18、ompared and evaluated. Once it is established that a number of different lighting systems will meet the illuminance criteria, it is necessary to select the preferred system depending upon various factors which could include initial and running costs, practical installation and maintenance considerat
19、ions, and so on. Having,made a final choice and completed the installation, it is usually necessary to carry out illuminance measurements on site to ensure that the original design specification has been satisfied. 1.1. Objectives The purpose of this Guide is to establish standard procedures for cal
20、cu- lation, measurement and reporting of the illuminance characteristics of interior and exterior sports lighting installations. By this means it will be possible to compare the performance of alternative lighting systems on a common basis at the-design stage of the project, and relate this directly
21、 to the illuminance measurements made on site under the completed lighting installation. A number of alternative approaches is given, in order to allow the user or. specifier to select a procedure suited to a particular project. 2. SPECIFICATION OF LIGHTING PERFORMANCE It is usual to specify the ave
22、rage illuminance values for an area. If this involves only the average horizontal plane illuminance, this can simply be arrived at by calculating the proportion of total lamp flux reaching the area, either directly or including inter-reflection, divided by the total area to be illuminated. However,
23、in most cases the performance specification will also call for: a. Uniformity ratio of Eh b. Vertical plane illuminance (E,) c. Uniformity ratio of E, d. The measurement of the illuminance provided by the final instal Lat ion. In all these cases it is necessary to calculate and measure the illumi- n
24、ance at a number of points forming a regular grid over a representative part or the complete area. The “accuracy of the calculations or measure- ments of average illuminance and uniformity is dependant on the number of points considered. Generally, the accuracy will improve as the number of points i
25、ncreases. However, beyond a certain point the accuracy does not increase significantly; the work involved in calculation and measure- ment becomes excessive and the larger quantities of data are more difficult to assess and analyse. By following these recommendations, an acceptable degree of accurac
26、y can be achieved without involving an excessive amount of calculation and measurement work. It is assumed, however, that for all but very small sports areas, the calculations will normally be carried out with the aid of computers. The amount of calculation work can be reduced in the case of complet
27、ely symmetrical areas and lighting layouts as only a half or a quarter of the area need to be considered. 3. SPECIFICATION OF GRIDS FOR CALCULATION AND MEASUREMENT 3.1. General case The sports area for interior as well as exterior installations should be divided into rectangular areas, the illuminan
28、ce being measured or calculated at the centre of each rectangle. For a point by point comparison of the calculated and the measured illuminance values, the grid layout for each should be identical. 2 CIE b7 8b P 9006145 0002877 bo1 W 150 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 1
29、8 20(x1000) Sports area (m*) FIG. 1 Figure 1 gives an approximate indication of the practical number of grid points to be considered, depending on the size of the area. The final number chosen should be the multiple of the number of points along the length and the width of the rectangle enclosing or
30、 coinciding with the boundaries of the area to be illuminated. In the case of irregular shaped areas, or where there are curved tracks, points within the enclosing rectangle, which fall outside the main area can be ignored. It is preferable that each grid area should be approximately square. A rough
31、 check may be made with fewer grid points. To obtain an accurate indication of average illuminance, the values at the centre of each grid square, shown in figure 2, should be considered. The same result can be achieved if the grid is displaced half a square along and down, as shown in figure 3. In t
32、his case the calculated or measured values occur at the grid intersections and therefore relate directly to the constructed grid. When information on fall-off at the boundaries is required, the grid can be extended by one increment outside the main grid as shown by the dotted line in figure 3. The i
33、lluminance obtained at the additional grid points should not be included in the calculation of average illuminance. 3 CIE 67 86 9006345 0002878 548 m FIG.2 4 By considering the individual grid point values of illuminance, the uniformity ratio (U) is best defined as the ratio of the minimum illuminan
34、ce and the average value. - %in u1 - E, Alternatively, uniformity can also be considered as the ratio of EORin - %in u* - - Emax In some cases the rate of change of illuminance with distance, or the illuminance gradient, is specified. Although a smaller sub-grid can be constructed to examine the loc
35、al illuminance gradient in more detail, it is usually sufficient to interpolate from the main grid data, assuming that the rate of change of illuminance between points is linear. Strictly speaking Eh should be taken at ground level and at a specified height between 1 and 1,5 m. This should be the sa
36、me at all positions. However, for the convenience and comfort of those carrying out a measurement survey the horizontal and vertical plane illuminances are usually calculated and measured at 1 m above the ground. For mounting heights greater than 10 m the difference between Eh at ground level and at
37、 1 m is unlikely to be significant. 3.2. Preferred method for vertical plane illuminance determination The orientation of the planes to determine the vertical plane illuminance is the same for all sports areas, namely parallel to the four side lines of the sports area, (e.g. figure 4, sides A, B, C
38、and D). From this it will be seen that it is often necessary to calculate and measure one horizontal plane and four vertical plane illuminance values at each grid point. Figure 5 shows how these values may be recorded conveniently and clearly and relate to a scale plan of the sports area. 3.3. Alter
39、natives to vertical plane illuminance There are certain variations in national specifications which are used as alternatives to the four vertical planes mentioned above. Briefly, the most common of these are: 5 CIE 67 86 H 9006145 0002880 IT6 q =68m = I SIDE B I 1111 I I 1 Aqb SIDE D PITCH MEASURING
40、 POINT TRACK FIG .4 a. Normal to camera In this case one reading is taken at each grid point on a plane, the normal to which is aimed at a designated camera position. (Fixed or roving). A variation of this is to consider a vertical plane rotated only in azimuth to face the camera. 6 CIE 67 86 D 9006
41、345 0002B8L 032 D SIDE B PITCH FIG5 b. 15 plane Illuminance is calculated and measured on a plane inclined at 15 to the vertical. This may be a single plane facing the camera side of the ground, or four planes, as in the general case for vertical plane illuminance, but inclined at 15O. c. Average cy
42、lindrical illuminance This value, otherwise known as the average vertical illuminance at a point, is achieved with reasonable accuracy by taking the average of the four vertical planes at each grid point. This can be calculated directly or measured with a specially adapted photocell. d. Semi-cvlindr
43、ical illuminance This value is the average illuminance on the convex surface of a semicylinder in a specified position. All these variations aim to find a form of illuminance specification, which correlates with visual or camera response achieved by a lighting installation. None are entirely sucessf
44、ul, but the important issue here is that the method of calculation and measurement should be selected and clearly specified at the inception of the sports lighting project design so that alternative lighting systems can be compared on a common basis. 7 3.4. Grids for football pitches and stadia In t
45、he case of spots like football, where the pitch dimensions are controlled by international sporting standards, it is common practice to determine the size of the grid rectangles in terms of the length p and width q as shown in figure 4. The size of the grid is determined by: The same grid can be ext
46、ended to the borders of the sports ground to include running tracks etc. Measurement points outside the border lines are disregarded. 3.5. Grids for tracks In an athletics stadium where the track is part of the general facility, the floodlighting system is usually designed to illuminate the complete
47、 arena. In this case the type of grid shown in figure 4 should be used. If however the general floodlighting system is to be switched to light the track independently or a localiced system of track lighting is to be installed, then a special grid shown in figure 6 is preferable. Localised systems ar
48、e commonly used or floodlighting greyhound racing, speed skating, horse and cycle racing etc. Figure 6 is only given as an example to show how a square grid of points might be laid out on the straight sections of the track and how the grid can be carried round the curved sections. The number of poin
49、ts across the width of the track (4 in the example shown in figure 6) will depend on : 1. The width of the track 2. The uniformity of illuminance specified 3. The type of lighting system to be used IRACK FIG .6 - 8 CIE 67 86 W 9006145 O002883 905 9 The form of the grid and the specification of the illuminance at the various grid points will also depend on the type of event. For example, in horse or dog racing, the competitors move into the inside of the track for most of the race. In cycle racing, the curves are steeply banke
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