CIE S 015 E-2005 Lighting of Outdoor Work Places《室外作业场地的照明》.pdf

1、 CIE S 015/E:2005Standard Lighting of Outdoor Work Places Eclairage des lieux de travail extrieurs Beleuchtung von Arbeitspltzen im Freien CIE Standards are copyrighted and shall not be reproduced in any form, entirely or partly, without the explicit agreement of the CIE. CIE Central Bureau, Vienna

2、CIE S 015/E:2005 Kegelgasse 27, A-1030 Vienna, Austria UDC: 628.971.9 Descriptor: Lighting for outdoor work CIE S 015/E:2005 CIE 2005 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, incl

3、uding photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from CIE Central Bureau at the address below. CIE Central Bureau Kegelgasse 27 A-1030 Vienna Austria Tel.: +43 1 714 3187 0 Fax: +43 1 714 3187 18 e-mail: ciecbping.at Web: www.cie.co.at/ II CIE, 2005 - All rights reserved CIE S 015/E:2

4、005 FOREWORD Standards produced by the Commission Internationale de lEclairage (CIE) are a concise documentation of data defining aspects of light and lighting, for which international harmony requires such unique definition. CIE Standards are therefore a primary source of internationally accepted a

5、nd agreed data, which can be taken, essentially unaltered, into universal standard systems. This document CIE S 015/E:2005 has been prepared by a joint Technical Committee of the CIE Division 5 and CEN/TC 169 Light and lighting, the secretariat of which was held by DIN, and has been approved by the

6、National Committees of the CIE. TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD III INTRODUCTION . 1 1. SCOPE . 1 2. NORMATIVE REFERENCES. 1 3. TERMS AND DEFINITIONS. 1 4. LIGHTING DESIGN CRITERIA 3 4.1 Luminous environment 3 4.2 Luminance distribution 3 4.3 Illuminance 3 4.3.1 Illuminance on the task area 3 4.3.2 Illum

7、inance of surroundings. 4 4.3.3 Illuminance grid 4 4.3.4 Uniformity and diversity 5 4.4 Glare 5 4.4.1 Glare rating 5 4.4.2 Veiling reflections and reflected glare 6 4.5 Obtrusive light . 6 4.6 Directional lighting. 7 4.6.1 Modelling 7 4.6.2 Directional lighting of visual tasks 7 4.7 Colour aspects 8

8、 4.7.1 Colour appearance 8 4.7.2 Colour rendering 8 4.8 Flicker and stroboscopic effects 8 4.9 Maintenance factor (MF). 8 4.10 Energy considerations 9 4.11 Sustainability. 9 4.12 Emergency lighting . 9 5. SCHEDULE OF LIGHTING REQUIREMENTS 9 5.1 Composition of the tables 9 5.2 The schedule of areas,

9、tasks and activities 10 5.3 Lighting requirements for areas, tasks and activities 10 6. VERIFICATION PROCEDURES 17 6.1 Illuminance 17 6.2 Glare Rating 18 6.3 Colour Rendering Index 18 6.4 Obtrusive light . 18 CIE, 2005 - All rights reserved III CIE S 015/E:2005 Annex A (informative) 19 BIBLIOGRAPHY

10、21 INDEX OF AREAS, TASKS AND ACTIVITIES . 21 CIE, 2005 IV CIE, 2005 - All rights reserved CIE S 015/E:2005 INTRODUCTION To enable people to perform visual tasks efficiently and accurately, especially during the night, adequate and appropriate lighting has to be provided. The degree of visibility and

11、 comfort required in a wide range of outdoor work places is governed by the type and duration of activity. This standard specifies requirements for lighting of tasks in most outdoor work places and their associated areas in terms of quantity and quality of illumination. In addition recommendations a

12、re given for good lighting practice. It is important that all clauses of the standard are followed although the specific requirements are tabulated in the schedule of lighting requirements (see clause 5). 1. SCOPE This standard specifies lighting requirements for outdoor work places, which meet the

13、needs for visual comfort and performance. All usual visual tasks are considered. This standard does not specify lighting requirements with respect to the safety and health of workers at work, although the lighting requirements, as specified in this standard, usually fulfil safety needs. This standar

14、d neither provides specific solutions, nor restricts the designers freedom from exploring new techniques nor restricts the use of innovative equipment. 2. NORMATIVE REFERENCES The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the ed

15、ition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. CIE 112-1994. Glare evaluation system for use within outdoor sports and area lighting. CIE 115-1995. Recommendations for the lighting of roads for motor and pedestrian traff

16、ic. CIE 140-2000. Road lighting calculations. CIE 150:2003. Guide on the limitation of the effects of obtrusive light from outdoor lighting installations. CIE 154:2003. The maintenance of outdoor lighting systems. 3. TERMS AND DEFINITIONS For the purposes of this standard, the terms and definitions

17、given in IEC 60050-845/CIE 17.41and the following apply. NOTE This clause defines terms and quantities that are in use and important to this standard and which may not be given in EN 126652and other national documents. 3.1 curfew time during which stricter requirements (for the control of obtrusive

18、light) will apply; often a condition of use of lighting applied by a government controlling authority, usually the local government 3.2 diversity (Ud) ratio of minimum illuminance (luminance) to maximum illuminance (luminance) on (of) a surface CIE, 2005 - All rights reserved 1 CIE S 015/E:2005 3.3

19、glare rating limit (GRL) upper limit of glare by the CIE Glare Rating system 3.4 maintained average illuminance (m) value below which the average illuminance on the specified surface is not allowed to fall NOTE It is the average illuminance at the time maintenance should be carried out. 3.5 obtrusiv

20、e light spill light which because of quantitative, directional or spectral attributes in a given context, gives rise to annoyance, discomfort, distraction or a reduction in the ability to see essential information 3.6 spill light (stray light) light emitted by a lighting installation which falls out

21、side the boundaries of the property for which the lighting installation is designed 3.7 surrounding area a strip surrounding the task area within the field of vision NOTE This strip should have a width of at least 2 m. 3.8 task area partial area in the work place in which the visual task is carried

22、out. For places where the size and/or location of the task area are unknown, the area where the task may occur is the task area 3.9 illuminance uniformity (Uo) ratio of minimum illuminance (luminance) to average illuminance (luminance) on (of) a surface NOTE See also IEC 60050-845/ CIE 17.41; 845-09

23、-58 uniformity ratio of illuminance. 3.10 upward light ratio (ULR) proportion of the flux of the luminaire(s) that is emitted above the horizontal, when the luminaire(s) is (are) mounted in its (their) installed position and attitude 3.11 visual task visual elements of the work being done NOTE The m

24、ain visual elements are the size of the structure, its luminance, its contrast against the background and its duration. 3.12 work place place intended to house work stations on the premises of the undertaking and/or establishment and any other place within the area of undertaking and/or establishmen

25、t to which the worker has access in the course of his employment 3.13 work station combination and spatial arrangement of work equipment, surrounded by the work environment under the conditions imposed by the work tasks 2 CIE, 2005 - All rights reserved CIE S 015/E:2005 4. LIGHTING DESIGN CRITERIA 4

26、.1 Luminous environment For good lighting practice it is essential that in addition to the required illuminance, other qualitative and quantitative needs are satisfied. Lighting requirements are determined by the satisfaction of three basic human needs: - visual comfort, where the workers have a fee

27、ling of well-being; in an indirect way also contributing to a high productivity level, - visual performance, where the workers are able to perform their visual tasks, even under difficult circumstances and during longer periods, - safety. Main parameters determining the luminous environment are: - l

28、uminance distribution, - illuminance, - glare, - directionality of light, - colour rendering and colour appearance of the light, - flicker. Values for illuminance, glare rating and colour rendering are given in clause 5. 4.2 Luminance distribution The luminance distribution in the field of view cont

29、rols the adaptation level of the eyes, which affects task visibility. A well balanced luminance distribution is needed to increase: - visual acuity (sharpness of vision), - contrast sensitivity (discrimination of small relative luminance differences), - efficiency of the ocular functions (such as ac

30、commodation, convergence, pupillary contraction, eye movements etc.). The luminance distribution in the field of view also affects visual comfort. Sudden changes in luminance should be avoided. 4.3 Illuminance The illuminance and its distribution on the task area and the surrounding area have a grea

31、t impact on how quickly, safely and comfortably a person perceives and carries out the visual task. All values of illuminances specified in this standard are maintained illuminances and will provide for visual comfort, visual performance and safety needs. 4.3.1 Illuminance on the task area The value

32、s given in clause 5 are maintained illuminances over the task area on the reference surface, which may be horizontal, vertical or inclined. The average illuminance for each task shall not fall below the value given in clause 5, regardless of the age and condition of the installation. NOTE The values

33、 are valid for normal visual conditions and take into account the following factors: - psycho-physiological aspects such as visual comfort and well-being, - requirements for visual tasks, CIE, 2005 - All rights reserved 3 CIE S 015/E:2005 - visual ergonomics, - practical experience, - safety, - econ

34、omy. The value of illuminance may be adjusted by at least one step in the scale of illuminances (see below), if the visual conditions differ from the normal assumptions. A factor of approximately 1,5 represents the smallest significant difference in subjective effect of illuminance. The recommended

35、scale of illuminance (in lx) is: 5 10 15 20 30 50 75 100 150 200 300 500 750 1 000 1 500 2 000 The required maintained illuminance should be increased, when: - visual work is critical, - visual task or worker is moving, - errors are costly to rectify, - accuracy or higher productivity is of great im

36、portance, - the visual capacity of the worker is below normal, - task details are of unusually small size or low contrast, - the task is undertaken for an unusually long time. The required maintained illuminance may be decreased when: - task details are of an unusually large size or high contrast, -

37、 the task is undertaken for an unusually short time or on only rare occasions. 4.3.2 Illuminance of surroundings The maintained illuminance of surrounding areas shall be related to the maintained illuminance of the task area and should provide a well-balanced luminance distribution in the field of v

38、iew. Large spatial variations in illuminances around the task area may lead to visual stress and discomfort. The illuminance of the surrounding areas may be lower than the task illuminance but shall be not less than the values given in Table 1. Table 1. Relationship of maintained illuminances of sur

39、rounding areas to task area. Task illuminance lx Illuminance of surrounding areas lx 500 300 200 150 50 m 100 50 100 75 50 30 20 no specification In addition to the task illuminance the lighting shall provide adequate adaptation luminance in accordance with clause 4.2. 4.3.3 Illuminance grid A grid

40、system shall be created for the task and surrounding areas to indicate the points at which the illuminance values are calculated and verified. 4 CIE, 2005 - All rights reserved CIE S 015/E:2005 Grids approximating a square are preferred, the ratio of length to width of a grid cell shall be kept betw

41、een 0,5 and 2 (see also CIE x005-19923). The maximum grid size shall be: p = 0,2 x 5 log d(1) where: p 10 d is the longer dimension of the area (m) if the ratio of the longer to the shorter side is less than 2, otherwise d is the shorter dimension of the area, and p is the maximum grid cell size (m)

42、. 4.3.4 Uniformity and diversity The task area shall be illuminated as uniformly as possible. The illuminance uniformity of the task area shall be not less than the values given in clause 5. The uniformity of the surroundings shall not be less than 0,10. In some cases e.g. railways, illuminance dive

43、rsity is also an important quality criterion. 4.4 Glare Glare is the sensation produced by bright areas within the field of view and may be experienced either as discomfort glare or disability glare. Glare caused by reflections in specular surfaces is usually known as veiling reflections or reflecte

44、d glare. It is important to limit the glare to the users to avoid errors, fatigue and accidents. NOTE Special care is needed to avoid glare when the direction of view is above horizontal. 4.4.1 Glare rating The glare directly from the luminaires of an outdoor lighting installation shall be determine

45、d using the CIE Glare Rating (GR) method according to CIE 112-1994, based on the formula: +=9,0vevl10log2427LLGR (2) where: Lvlis the total veiling luminance in cdm2 caused by the lighting installation and is the sum of the veiling luminances produced by each individual luminaire (Lvl= Lv1+ Lv2+ Lvn

46、). The veiling luminance of the individual luminaires is calculated as Lv= 10(Eeye-2), in which Eeyeis the illuminance at the observers eye in a plane perpendicular to the line of sight (2 below horizontal, see Fig. 1) and is the angle between the observers line of sight and the direction of the lig

47、ht incident from the individual luminaire. Lveis the equivalent veiling luminance of the environment in cdm2. From the assumption that the reflection of the environment is totally diffuse, the equivalent veiling reflection from the environment may be calculated as Lve= 0,035 Ehav-1, in which represe

48、nts the average reflectance and Ehavthe average horizontal illuminance of the area. NOTE GR should be computed at grid positions as defined in 4.3.3, at 45 intervals radially about the grid points with 0 direction parallel to the long side of the task area. All assumptions made in the determination

49、of GR shall be stated in the scheme documentation. The GR value of the lighting installation shall not exceed the GRL-value given in clause 5. CIE, 2005 - All rights reserved 5 CIE S 015/E:2005 2 line of sightplane of EeyeFigure 1. The angle between the observers line of sight and the direction of the light incident from the individual luminaire. 4.4.2 Veiling reflections and reflected glare High brightness reflections in the visual task may alter task visibility, usually detrimentally. V