1、PUBLISHED DOCUMENT CR 13846:ZOOO Recommendations to preserve and extend sludge utilization and disposal routes Irt.corp0mtin.g Corrigendum No. 1 ICs 13.030.20 NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW STD.BSI PD L384b-ENGL 2000 Lb24669 0850476 29“ PD 138462000 This Publi
2、shed Document, having been prepared under the AmdNo. direction of the Heaith and Environment Sector Committee, was published under the 10986 authority of the Standards Corrigendum Committee and comes into effect on 15 May 2000 NO. 1 O BSI W2000 ISBN O 580 34879 2 National foreword Date Comments June
3、 2000 Amended figure 5 in Annex I This Published Document reproduces verbatim CR 13846.2000. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technicai Committee EWS, Sludge characterization, which has the responsibility to: - aid enquirem to understand the te* - present to the responsible i
4、ntematio - monitor related international and European developments and promulgate them in the UK. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. Cross-references The British Standards which implement intemational publications referred to in this do
5、cument may be found in the BSI Standards Caalogue under the section entitled “International Standards Correspondence Index“, or by using the “Find“ facility of the BSI Standards Electronic Caalogue. A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of B
6、ritish standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This document comprises a fiont cover, an inside front cover, the CR title page, pages 2 to 102, an inside back cover and a b
7、ack cover. The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the document was last issued. STD-BSI PD 1384b-ENGL 2000 1624bb9 0850477 126 CEN REPORT RAPPORT CEN CEN BERICHT CR 13846 March 2000 English version Recommendations to preserve and extend sludge utilisation and disposal rou
8、tes This CEN Report was approved by CEN on 19 January 2000. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CENTTC 308. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norw
9、ay, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG COMITE EUROPEEN DE NORMALISATION Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart, 36 8-1050 Brussels O 2000 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved wor
10、ldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. CR 13846:2000 E STD-BSI PD L384b-ENGL 2000 Lb24667 0850478 Ob2 W Page 2 PD 13846:ZOOO Contents Foreword 3 Summary 4 1 2 2.1 2.2 3 3.1 3.2 4 4.1 4.2 4.3 5 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.3.1 5.3.2 5.3.3 5.3.4 5.4.1 5.4.2 5.4.3 5.5 6 6.1 6.2 I 5.4 Introduction 7 Principles of u
11、se and Disposal . 10 Options for sludge use and disposal . 10 Principles of option selection and control 13 Legislation and environmental quality standards 14 European legislation 14 International, European and national standardisation 15 Sludge production, quality and disposal in europe . 15 Sludge
12、 production . 15 Sludge quality . 17 Sludge use and disposal . 23 Assessment of sludge management options . 23 Sludge quality requirements . 23 Technical means of achieving sludge quality objectives 26 Integration in material cycles . 31 Agriculture 31 Reclamation and forestry 34 Sludge as raw mater
13、ial 34 Thermal exploitation 35 Removal from material cycles 37 Sea 37 Thermal destruction 38 Landfill 38 Competitive materials 39 Options to preserve and extend sludge management ROUTES . 39 Evaluation of sludge management options 39 Recommendations . 42 References . 43 List of abbreviations . 44 An
14、nex A (informative) Documents developed by CEWC 308 . 45 Annex B (informative) International and European Technical Committees 46 Annex C (informative) EC and national quality limit values controlling sewage sludge use in agriculture . 47 Annex D (informative) Comparison of approaches to sludge qual
15、ity standards in the United States and Europe . 55 Annex E (informative) SWOT (strengths. weaknesses. opportunities and threats) Analysis of sludge management . 60 Annex F (informative) Strategic decision tools for sludge management 63 Annex G (informative) Sludge questionnaires . 76 Annex H (inform
16、ative) National inquiry in Germany to test the practicability of the draft questionnaires 97 Annex I (informative) Case study - Demonstration of the effect of source control on chemical contamination of sewage sludge . 1 01 STD-BSI PD 1384b-ENGL 2000 E 1624bb9 0850479 TT7 = Page 3 PD 13846:2000 Fore
17、word This document has been prepared by CEN /TC 308, “Characterisation of sludge”. This document is currently submitted to CEN/BT for publication as a CEN Report. This document has been endorsed by EUREAU). 1) EUREAU is European Union of National Associations of Water Suppliers and Waste Water Servi
18、ces. STD-BSI PD L34b-ENGL 2000 m Lb2Qbb9 0850480 730 Page 4 PD 13846:2000 Summary This report has been prepared within the framework of CEN/TC 308 on Characterization of Sludges. The Scope includes sludges from treating municipal, industrial and food processing wastewaters, sludge from treating raw
19、.water to make it potable, and other residues having similar potential environmental impacts. The objectives of the report are to analyse the current situation with regard to sludge management in Europe, and to recommend the approaches to preserve and extend sludge use and disposal outlets for the f
20、uture. Sludge is the inevitable residue of treating raw potable water and municipal and industrial wastewaters. However, knowledge of the quantities of sludges produced is incomplete. Treatment of these waters is designed to remove unwanted constituents from the water and concentrate them into a sma
21、ll side-stream - “sludge”. The sludge may also contain surplus biomass cultured during biological treatment processes. The objective of treatment is to avoid adverse impacts on the environment and human health when the effluent is discharged into the environment or water is supplied for human consum
22、ption. The concentration of beneficial constituents and of pollutants in (and health risks associated with) a sludge depends on the initial quality of the wastewater or raw water, and the extent of treatment required to meet quality standards for effluent discharge, and potable water. Where effluent
23、 quality standards are raised, in order to reduce pollutant loads on the environment, the quantity of sludge produced inevitably increases. To be consistent, the use or disposal of the sludge must also be environmentally acceptable, sustainable and cost-effective. Sludge management typically represe
24、nts about half of the overall costs of wastewater treatment. Its management will become increasingly complex as environmental standards become more stringent, and if outlets for sludge become more constrained by legislation and public attitudes. EU policy on waste is to discriminate against disposal
25、 and promote waste avoidance, minimisation and recycling. Disposal of sludge to sea was legislated to cease by the end of 1998. Disposal of sludges to landfill, which is currently the major outlet for some sludges in Europe, is widely regarded as unsustainable. Sludge production cannot be avoided (a
26、lthough the quantity can be reduced by treatment) in fact demands for higher effluent quality will generally increase the amount of sludge produced. The only remaining options are recycling or destruction by combustion. Recycling options include use on land as an organic fertiliser or soil condition
27、er for farming, land restoration, etc. Destruction options include combustion with or without energy recovery, gassification, and using the sludge as a process fuel, with the ash being used or landfilled. It should always be remembered that many sludges and residues contain beneficial constituents a
28、nd properties that have very positive environmental advantages. For example recycling phosphate and thus reducing the need to extract primary raw material and extending the life of the planets reserves. Some countries have applied a greater level of precaution into the regulatory controls for some s
29、ludges in an attempt to build stakeholder confidence, and this has made sludge management increasingly difficult and costly. Nevertheless, sludge must go somewhere, and the challenge for sludge managers is to secure cost-effective outlets for sludge that are sustainable and protect the environment a
30、nd human health, and to encourage political and public acceptance of this. This will require improvements in sludge quality and the methods of disposal and recycling, which may be achieved through improved up-stream control of the quality of wastewater treated, the adoption of advanced sludge treatm
31、ent processes, and perhaps changing the formulation of products and other measures to reduce diffuse inputs or sources. The opportunities for improving the quality of water and municipal wastewater entering treatment plants are limited. For potable water, the source and quality of raw water is usual
32、ly fixed to the surface and groundwater resources available locally. For sewage, industrial effluent controls have dramatically reduced point source pollution over the last 30 years (in those countries with effective legislation) to the extent that sludge quality is now increasingly dictated by diff
33、use pollution of water entering the sewerage system from domestic premises and road run-off, and these sources are inherently difficult to control. Industrial recession can also have a beneficial effect on sludge quality when polluting factories are forced to close. For industrial wastewater treatme
34、nt, the quality of sludge has been improved through the adoption of production processes that generate less waste, and further improvements are likely through developments in industrial process technologies and integrated pollution prevention and control measures. STD-BSI PD 13846-ENGL ZOO0 1624667
35、085OYBL 657 - Page 6 PD 13846:2000 A range of sludge treatment options is available to improve sludge quality and processes have been developed and adopted as necessary, according to local circumstances and legal requirements. These generally focus on reducing the content of water, odour and pathoge
36、ns in sludge. Technologies are emerging for the removal of contaminants, such as heavy metals, but they are expensive and are therefore not a practicable option at present. In order to secure outlets for sludge in the near future, advanced treatment of sludge may increasingly be required, for instan
37、ce to have assured pathogen removal, or to produce sludge of high dry solids content to improve the flexibility of use options as a fuel or as a high quality soil additive. These choices will be largely driven by legislation and customer and public pressures, and depend in part on an entrepreneurial
38、 management approach. High quality sludge products have a market value, offering the possibility of increased revenues in the future, and this will be an additional incentive to achieve quality assured sludge products, provided that legislation and controls permit such developments. Currently, only
39、the use of sewage sludge in agriculture is controlled by specific legislation. There are no comparable regulations on the recycling of other sludges, animal manures or organic wastes despite the fact that they are likely to incur the same environmental problems, although they may be subject to more
40、general environmental legislation. Some countries have some integration of environmental standards for sludge and waste use, but none is comprehensive. A uniform and comprehensive approach is urgently needed at the EU level to ensure that all sludges, animal manures and organic wastes are subject to
41、 the same consistent control measures. The benefit of this is would be that the environmental loads from some major sources of potential environmental contamination would be controlled and accounted for. One very unfortunate consequence of the present inconsistencies is so called sludge tourism (.e.
42、 the transboundary movement of sludges to regions with less stringent environmental controls). In a similar way a consistent approach to emissions to atmosphere from all combustion processes (power stations, incinerators, brickworks, cement plants, etc.) and of dust is recommended. These processes c
43、an have wide- reaching impacts. Globally atmospheric deposition is the dominant of some elements or pollutants. In addition to global environmental impacts it is important that the loadings on specific sites are considered to ensure the sustainable use of those sites. The quantity of sewage sludge p
44、roduced is very small in relation to other residuals that may be used on land and that have similar potential environmental impacts, but it is the only strictly regulated residue throughout Europe, with specific requirements for quality, monitoring, record keeping and reporting. Such controls are en
45、tirely consistent with the avoidance of environmental pollution and risk to public health, but it is now inconsistent that other sludges are not similarly controlled. This is particularly true for livestock wastes, which are by far the single largest source of organic waste (more than 60%). Despite
46、particular examples such as the Nitrate Directive, there is no comprehensive EU control strategy for livestock wastes, but it is the cause of significant pollution, and it is time that this inconsistency was corrected. Europe has been rocked by food scares. Even though there is no evidence of diseas
47、e transmission when sewage sludge has been used according to current legislation, absence of evidence is not the same as absence of effect, and it is time that process standards for stabilisation and sanitisation for all sludges used on soils where food is grown are more closely defined so as to avo
48、id another food scare. This is partly a matter of science, but public perception is another very real concern in this area. It should be remembered that no link has ever been proved between disease transmission and the proper use of sewage sludge in accordance with current controls. However a partic
49、ular concern is “new” pathogens that are starting to appear in some countries, some examples are brown rot in potatoes, which was thought to be restricted to warm climates but is now in Northern Europe, E. coli 0157, which is tolerated by sheep and cattle but highly infective of humans, and Salmonella yphimurium DT104, which can display multi-antibiotic resistance. In order to control these “emerging” organisms and the “traditional” ones, consistent rules for the management of all sludges are needed. Appropriate hygiene standards for sludges can be achieved through adopting qua
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