DIN 8960-1998 Refrigerants - Requirements and symbols《制冷剂 要求和符号》.pdf

1、DEUTSCHE NORM November 1998 Requirements and coding system for refrigerants DIN 8960 - ICs 71.1 00.45 Descriptors: Refrigerants, requirements, coding system Supersedes DIN 8960, July 1977 edition, and DIN 8962, October 1987 edition. Kltemittel - Anforderungen und Kurzzeichen In keeping with current

2、practice in standards published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), a comma has been used throughout as the decimal marker. Foreword This standard has been prepared by Technical Committee Kltemittel of the Normenausschu Kltetechnik (Refrigeration Standards Committee). Amendm

3、ents This standard differs from the July 1977 edition and from DIN 8962, October 1987 edition, as follows: a) DIN 8960 and DIN 8962 have been combined into one standard and the number of refrigerants cov- ered has been expanded. b) The nomenclature has been updated to conform to European and Interna

4、tional Standards. c) Codes have been assigned to all the refrigerants. Previo us edit ions DIN 8960: 1961 -04, 1972-08, 1977-07; DIN 8962: 1968-08, 1987-1 O. 1 Scope In addition to specifying requirements relating to refrigerants for use in refrigeration compressors, this standard sets out a system

5、of codes for standard refrigerants which can be used in place of their chemical names, formulae or trade names. Although the use of a code is an unambiguous way of designating refrig- erants, it does not preclude the use of chemical names or formulae. 2 Normative references This standard incorporate

6、s, by dated or undated reference, provisions from other publications. These normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text, and the titles of the publications are listed below. For dated references, subsequent amendments to or revisions of any of these publications apply to thi

7、s standard only when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For undated references, the latest edition of the publication referred to applies. Continued on pages 2 to 11. Translation by DI N-Sprachendienst. In case of doubt, the German-language original should be consulted as the authoritative

8、 text No pari of this translation may be reproduced without the prior permission of Ref. No. DIN 8960 : 1998-1 . . V Deutsches Institut fur Normung e VI Berlin Luth Verlag GmbH, D-10772 Berlin, hac the exclusive right of sale for German Standards (DIN-Normen) English price group 08 Sales No 0108 o2

9、O0 COPYRIGHT DIN DEUTSCHES Institut Fur Normung E.V.- EnglishLicensed by Information Handling ServicesPage 2 DIN 8960 : 1998-1 1 DIN EN 378-1 Refrigerating systems and heat pumps - Safety and environmental requirements - Part 1: Basic requirements DIN EN 5001 4 Electrical equipment for areas subject

10、 to an explosion hazard - General IS0 81 7 : 1974 Organic refrigerants - Number designation 3 Concepts 3.1 Refrigerant A fluid used for heat transfer within a refrigerating system, which absorbs heat at a low temperature and pressure and transfers it at a higher temperature and pressure, this usuall

11、y involving a phase change (cf. DIN EN 378-1). 3.2 Chemical compound A substance formed by the combination of two or more chemical elements in different proportions by mass. 3.3 Hydrocarbon A chemical compound containing only carbon and hydrogen. 3.4 Halogenated hydrocarbon A hydrocarbon where one o

12、r more hydrogen atoms have been replaced by halogen (e.g. fluorine or chlorine) atoms. 3.4.1 Fully halogenated hydrocarbon A hydrocarbon in which all the hydrogen atoms have been replaced by halogen atoms (e.g. a chlorofluorocarbon 3.4.2 Partially halogenated hydrocarbon A hydrocarbon in which only

13、some of the hydrogen atoms have been replaced by halogen atoms (e.g. a partially fluorinated hydrocarbon (HFC) or a partially fluorinated chlorofluorocarbon (HCFC). (CFC). 3.5 Isomer One of a group of compounds having the same chemical composition but different molecular structures or a different ar

14、rangement of atoms. NOTE: Only isomers in the form of positional or chain isomers are of relevance in refrigeration. Their chemical and physical properties may vary considerably and they are distinguished from one another by adding a lower case letter to their codes. l Chain isomerism is exemplified

15、 by n-butane and so-butane, which have the following formulae. HHH I II I II HHH H -C- C - C - H I -C - H I H HH H I I I I I I H H-C-H H I H H-C-C-C- H R-600 R-600a Positional isomers differ in the position of the substituents on their carbon skeleton. Examples of such isomers are 1,1,1,2-tetrafIuor

16、oethane (R-134a) and 1,1,2,2-tetrafIuoroethane (R-134). FF Il H-C-C-H II FF FF II F-C-C-H II FH R-134 R-l34a COPYRIGHT DIN DEUTSCHES Institut Fur Normung E.V.- EnglishLicensed by Information Handling ServicesPage 3 DIN 8960 : 1998-1 1 Type of contaminant and distillation characteristics) Organic mat

17、ter 1,3-ButadieneG) n-H exane Benzene? Sulfur Distillation characteristic from 5 % (V/V) to 97 % (V/V) Gaseous phase contaminants: Air and other non-condensable gases (in filled containers) Liquid phase contaminant: Water Chloride ion 3.6 Refrigerant mixture A blend of two or more refrigerants. Maxi

18、mum values Recommended Unit Halogenated Hydrocarbon NH, test method 5, refrigerants refrigerants content Gas 0,5? 0,s chromatography Gas chromatography Gas chromatography Gas chromatography Total sulfur analy- mg/kg - 1 - sis based on spectral lines Evaporation - % (mim) mg/kg - 5 - - mg/kg - 50 - 1

19、 - mg/kg K 0,s 0,s 0,s Gas 1,5 1,5 503) chromatography % (VIV) Phosphorus for NH, (sorptive) - - Precipitation with silver nitrate mg/kg 254) 254) 4004) pentoxide method - No turbidity 3.6.1 Azeotrope A blend of two or more chemical compounds or refrigerants for which the composition in the liquid a

20、nd the gaseous phases are identical. The composition of such blends is a function of pressure and temperature. Azeotropes cannot be separated by distillation. An unusual feature of azeotropes is that their boiling point may be either lower or higher than the boiling points of the components, and the

21、refore the vapour pressure of the blend may be higher or lower than that of its components at the same temperature. 2 3.6.2 Nonazeotropic mixture A blend of two or more chemical compounds or refrigerants, the composition of the gaseous phase of which differs from that of the liquid phase for any mix

22、ing ratio, with the vapour containing a higher concentration of the lower-boiling, or more readily volatile, component(s). 3.7 L-grading The categorization of refrigerants in terms of flammability and toxicity (cf. DIN EN 378-1). 4 Requirements Table 1 specifies the limits to which refrigerants (or

23、in the case of blends, their components) covered by this standard have to conform, while table 3 specifies the compositions of azeotropes and the tolerances for nonazeotropic mixtures, a suitable test method to check compliance with the valves in table 3 being gas chromatography. The values specifie

24、d for hydrocarbon refrigerants are based on toxicity. Test methods are subject to agreement. Table 1 : Requirements for refrigerants (contaminant contents) (continued) COPYRIGHT DIN DEUTSCHES Institut Fur Normung E.V.- EnglishLicensed by Information Handling ServicesPage 4 DIN 8960 : 1998-1 1 Unit T

25、ype of contaminant and distillation characteristics1) Table 1 (concluded) Maximum values Recommended Halogenated Hydrocarbon I NH, test method 5, refrigerants refrigerants content Acid value I mg KOH/g I 0,02 I 0,02 I - I Titration High - boi li ng residues I mg/kg I 50 I 50 I 50 I Gravimetry Partic

26、les Visually Visually Visually I nated I nated I nated I uncontami- uncontami- uncontami- Visual check I - I) According to DIN EN 378-1, the values specified also apply to reprocessed, but not recycled, refriger- z, R-123 type refrigerants shall contain no more than 7% of R-l23a type refrigerants. 9

27、 cm3 of gas in 1 O0 cm3 of liquid. 4, Provisional values; subject to changes in the light of new experience gained. 6) This requirement applies to any unsaturated hydrocarbon. 3 This requirement applies to any aromatic. ants. Test methods which are equivalent to those listed are permissible. 3 4 5 C

28、lassification In tables 2 and 3, refrigerants are assigned codes and classified as fully halogenated with chlorine or bromine (group A), fully fluorinated and not containing chlorine or bromine (group B), partially halogenated with chlorine (group C), partially halogenated, not containing chlorine (

29、group D), and halogen-free (group E), in order of increasing refrigerant number (code) in each group. NOTE: It should be noted that the use of chlorine-containing refrigerants is regulated by law. 8 COPYRIGHT DIN DEUTSCHES Institut Fur Normung E.V.- EnglishLicensed by Information Handling ServicesPa

30、ge 5 DIN 8960 : 1998-1 1 r r O O rn Co O O C-J o O Co d O C-J Co C-J o O C-J b Cu C-J rn Cu C-J Co I I I I rn CI rn CI - I - I - I - I - I - I - I - I - I - I fn o fn 0 o Q o o E Q E O Q E D fn 0 I fn E 0 D 0 .- + L + .- t .- + .- n + t .- L rc a 01 0 P - c“ I I I I I b d O I I I I I O 7 0- a, i$ rn

31、 r r r Cu Cu 7 Cu I 7 b- o Cu C-J b Cu o Cu COPYRIGHT DIN DEUTSCHES Institut Fur Normung E.V.- EnglishLicensed by Information Handling ServicesPage 6 DIN 8960 : 1998-1 1 I I (o K 4- 2 oi L L c a, c K a, m Cu 1 - u P a O 3 L - I - a, U rn i2 r O h 7 U“ I o U“ o ? COPYRIGHT DIN DEUTSCHES Institut Fur

32、Normung E.V.- EnglishLicensed by Information Handling ServicesPage 7 DIN 8960 : 1998-1 1 o O C-J O c? O O O O 7 IWIa O O d C-J I O O Co rn I O O Co C-J I O O C-J Cu 7 I O O Co Cu - C-J Cu b -1-1 rn Co Co 7 Co Co I Co O c? rn O *- rn O c? O O c? d O “? d O a- C-J O c? Cu O c? I fn o fn 0 o Q o o E Q

33、E O Q E D fn 0 I fn 0 3 X .- + L + .- !? .- + .- n L + .- E !? + E 0 D 0 .- L rc a (3 0 P - c“ a, U 2 ? 1 4- K ._ aP I . COPYRIGHT DIN DEUTSCHES Institut Fur Normung E.V.- EnglishLicensed by Information Handling ServicesPage 9 DIN 8960 : 1998-1 1 o 4- m U Q 3 x K m v) - 4- 4- 8 L m 1 1 ._ I (0 3 m -

34、 9 4 O o c K o v) ._ 4- ._ E 2 8 ?E c U x 1 + (0 2 - - m K 1 a, a, ._ 4- L 5 U m a, ._ 4- 2 Q O O o 4- v) K a, Q a, m 1 v) K O U O K a, Q ._ - ._ 4- ._ 4- ._ 5 E - m K a, U 3 a, Q L - 2 - 5 c 4- K L m 1 o 1 ._ I Co O *- C-J O c? a, U 2 ? 1 7 7 o, Co C-J rn- .5 f (. g.5 - ._ ._ v) 3 L E 2 8 4- ._ o Q

35、 ._ 4- a, m z *- Co d 7 0- o - - a, U o 3 O & 2 O & COPYRIGHT DIN DEUTSCHES Institut Fur Normung E.V.- EnglishLicensed by Information Handling ServicesPage 1 O DIN 8960 : 1998-1 1 6 Coding system 6.1 Carbon compounds The coding system for hydrocarbons and halogenated hydrocarbons in the methane, eth

36、ane, propane and butane series has been designed so that the structure of the compounds can be unambiguously inferred from the codes and vice versa. The coding system is based on the following rules. a) The first digit from the right indicates the number of fluorine atoms (F) in the compound. b) The

37、 second digit from the right is one more than the number of hydrogen atoms (H) in the compound. c) The third digit from the right is one less than the number of carbon atoms (C) in the compound. If the compound contains one carbon atom the resultant zero is omitted. d) The number of chlorine atoms (

38、Ci) in the compound can be calculated by subtracting the sum of the fluorine (F) and hydrogen (H) atomsfrom the total number of atoms which can be bound to carbon atoms (C). Table 4: Total number of bound atoms I I Saturated hydrocarbons For 1 C, the total number of atoms is 4 For 2 C, the total num

39、ber of atoms is 6 For 3 C, the total number of atoms is 8 For 4 C, the total number of atoms is 1 O For n C, the total number of atoms is 2n + 2 Unsaturated monohydrocarbons and saturated cyclic hydrocarbons For 2 C, the total number of atoms is 4 For 3 C, the total number of atoms is 6 For 4 C, the

40、 total number of atoms is 8 For 5 C, the total number of atoms is 1 O For n C, the total number of atoms is 2 n e) Cyclic derivatives are identified by the letter C placed in front of the refrigerant number (e.g. R-C318). f) In cases where bromine (Br) is present, the same rules apply except that th

41、e letter B is placed behind the number of hydrogen and fluorine atoms, followed by the number of bromine atoms present (e.g. R-13B1). Note that in arriving at the code number (see item d), the number of chlorine atoms is reduced by the number of bromine atoms. g) Ethane and propane isomers all have

42、the same code numbers, but increasing asymmetry is indicated by appending a, b, c, etc., in that order, no letter being appended to the most symmetrical isomer. The degree of symmetry is determined by adding up the atomic masses of the elements bound to each carbon atom and subtracting the sums from

43、 one another, the symmetry increasing as the difference decreases. h) The above rules apply to unsaturated organic compounds, except that the number 1 is used as the fourth digit from the right if a double bond is present. 6.2 Azeotropes and nonazeotropic mixtures 6.2.1 Code numbers in the 500 serie

44、s are assigned to azeotropes. In accordance with IS0 81 7 and 7, code numbers in the 400 series are used for nonazeotropes (see table 3). Mixtures containing the same components in different ratios by mass are given the same code number but are distinguished by appending the letters A, B, C, etc. 6.

45、3 Various organic and inorganic compounds 6.3.1 being arbitrarily assigned. Compounds covered by e) and g) are coded by analogy. 6.3.2 The 700 series is usedfor inorganic compounds. To obtain the refrigerant code, the molar mass (rounded to the nearest integer) of the compound is added to 700. If se

46、veral inorganic refrigerants have the same molar mass, the first is indicated by the code number alone, the second by the number followed by the letter A, the third by the number followed by the letter B, etc. The 600 series is assigned to various organic compounds not yet covered by subclause 6.1,

47、the numbers 7 Designation The code number is to be preceded by the letter R (refrigerant) with or without a hyphen, or it is to be used in conjunction with the word refrigerant (or its translation). Alternatively, the code number may be preceded by the trade name or the manufacturers logo. EXAMP LE:

48、 R134a, R-l34a, or refrigerant 134a, (trade name) R134a, (trade name) refrigerant 134a, (trade name) 134a refrigerant, or (trade name) 134a. NOTE: The code for a refrigerant (e.g. R134a or refrigerant 134a) shall be used on nameplates and in standards and specifications, but in texts or manuals the

49、trade name may also be specified. COPYRIGHT DIN DEUTSCHES Institut Fur Normung E.V.- EnglishLicensed by Information Handling ServicesPage 11 DIN 8960 : 1998-1 1 Bibliography l Beyer, G. and Walter, W. Lehrbuch der Organischen Chemie (Textbook of organic chemistry), 22nd ed., 1991, Stuttgart: S. Hirzel Verlag, 54 2 P.W. Atkins. Physikalische Chemie (Physical Chemistry), 2nd ed., 1996, Weinheim: Verlag Chemie, 235 3 AR1 Standard 700: Specifications for fluorocarbons and other refrigerants. Air-conditioning & Refrigeration Institute, 4301 North Fairfax Driv