DIN EN 15426-2008 Candles - Specification for sooting behaviour German version EN 15426 2007《蜡烛 炭黑生成特性用规范 德文版本EN 15426-2007》.pdf

1、January 2008DEUTSCHE NORM English price group 10No part of this standard may be reproduced without prior permission ofDIN Deutsches Institut fr Normung e. V., Berlin. Beuth Verlag GmbH, 10772 Berlin, Germany,has the exclusive right of sale for German Standards (DIN-Normen).ICS 71.100.99!$K_P“1406045

2、www.din.deDDIN EN 15426Candles Specification for sooting behaviourEnglish version of DIN EN 15426:2008-01Kerzen Spezifikation fr das RuverhaltenEnglische Fassung DIN EN 15426:2008-01www.beuth.deDocument comprises 16 pagesDIN EN 15426:2008-01 2 National foreword This standard has been prepared by CEN

3、/BT/TF 164 “Candle safety” (Secretariat: DIN, Germany). The responsible German body involved in its preparation was the Normenausschuss Gebrauchstauglichkeit und Dienstleistungen (Performance Capability and Services Standards Committee), Technical Committee NA 039-01-05 AA Abbrand von Kerzen. This E

4、uropean Standard specifies requirements and test methods for evaluating the sooting behaviour of burning candles. It is applicable to single wick candles with a diameter up to 100 mm or equivalent cross sectional area intended to be burned indoors. EUROPEAN STANDARDNORME EUROPENNEEUROPISCHE NORMEN 1

5、5426November 2007ICS 71.100.99English VersionCandles - Specification for sooting behaviourBourgies - Spcification relative de lindice de suie Kerzen - Spezifikation fr das RuverhaltenThis European Standard was approved by CEN on 23 September 2007.CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC

6、Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this EuropeanStandard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such nationalstandards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN m

7、ember.This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translationunder the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as theofficial versions.CEN member

8、s are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Swit

9、zerland and United Kingdom.EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATIONCOMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATIONEUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNGManagement Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels 2007 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reservedworldwide for CEN national Members.Ref. No. EN

10、15426:2007: EEN 15426:2007 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword3 Introduction .4 1 Scope 5 2 Terms and definitions .5 3 Sooting behaviour .6 4 Test equipment and apparatus.6 5 Sampling.9 6 Sample preparation .9 7 General test conditions.9 8 Test method9 9 Measuring of the emission on the glass plate11 10 Ev

11、aluation.11 11 Test report 12 Bibliography 14 Annex A (normative) Measurement unit13 EN 15426:2007 (E) 3 Foreword This document (EN 15426:2007) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN BT/TF 164 “Candle safety”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN. This European Standard shall be given the s

12、tatus of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by May 2008, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by May 2008. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject

13、of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgar

14、ia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. EN 15426:2007 (E) 4 Introduct

15、ion Candles have accompanied mankind for more than 2 000 years serving above all as a light source. Closely connected to the development history of the candle are the efforts made to improve its quality and its safety in use. Discussions in the past and present over possible self-forming, harmful em

16、issions and fires caused by unsafe candles and/or inappropriate use during the burning of candles have led to consumer concern for these issues. This European Standard describes the requirements and a simple method for measuring the sooting behaviour of candles. The soot index obtained by this proce

17、dure may be considered as characteristic of the sooting behaviour of the type of candle tested. The soot which is emitted from a candle is collected on a glass plate throughout a defined period. Afterwards the attenuation of light intensity caused by soot precipitation is quantified in a measuring c

18、hamber. This method helps to ensure a reasonable degree of safety for normal use, thereby improving personal safety. EN 15426:2007 (E) 5 1 Scope This European Standard specifies requirements and the test method for evaluating the sooting behaviour of burning candles. It is applicable to single wick

19、candles with a diameter up to 100 mm or equivalent cross sectional area intended to be burned indoors. 2 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this European Standard, the following terms and definitions apply. 2.1 base material intended fuel source for a candle flame 2.2 candle one or more combu

20、stible wicks supported by a material that constitutes a fuel, which is solid, semisolid or quasi-rigid at room temperature (20 C to 27 C) NOTE 1 It can also contain additives, which are used for colour, odour, stability, or to modify the burning characteristics; the combined function of which is to

21、sustain a light-producing flame. NOTE 2 Including candles with decoration attached to or contained within the candle. 2.3 container candle candle that is produced in and will be burned in a container 2.4 measuring period time the candle is burned collecting soot 2.5 molten fuel pool portion of the w

22、ax or fuel pool of a candle that is in the liquid form when the candle is burning 2.6 soot solid, carbon enriched particles, which come into existence when the burning material in the flame is incompletely burned and which are subsequently released into the atmosphere 2.7 soot index index number for

23、 the evaluation of the sooting behaviour of candles 2.8 soot test cycle total length of time the candle is burned during the stabilizing period, measuring period, including pause 2.9 stabilizing period period of time the candle is burned without collecting soot 2.10 tea light cylindrical candle that

24、 is burned in a container, which may be suitable to keep vessels containing coffee, tea or other liquids warm, by using a warming stove EN 15426:2007 (E) 6 NOTE 1 Typical dimensions of a tea light are 38 mm in diameter and 15 mm in height. NOTE 2 A tea light container can be made from metal, glass o

25、r plastic. 2.11 total measuring time total time of all measuring periods 2.12 wax crystalline, plastic solid or semi-solid material at 25 C consisting of a mixture of hydrocarbons and/or hydrocarbon derivatives NOTE Wax melts typically at temperatures equal to or greater than 40 C and becomes a low

26、viscosity liquid. Waxes may be of mineral (particularly petroleum), vegetable, animal (including insect), or synthetic origin. 2.13 wick object that delivers fuel to a flame through the process of capillary action 3 Sooting behaviour When tested in accordance with clause 8, the average soot index fr

27、om three tests (samples) shall be less than 1,0/h, no individual sample shall exceed 2,0/h. 4 Test equipment and apparatus 4.1 A wire mesh cylinder RMG 2.11)fixed to a stand of which the height can be adjusted, with a fixture for a glass plate (see Figure 1). The cylinder has a minimum height of 300

28、 mm and consists of wire mesh with a permeability of (60 5) %. 1) Wire mesh cylinder RMG 2.1 is the trade name of a product supplied by Heil Metalle GmbH, Germany. This information is given for the convenience of the user of this European Standard and does not constitute an endorsement by CEN of the

29、 product named. Equivalent products may be used if they can be shown to lead to the same results. EN 15426:2007 (E) 7 a min. height = 300 mm b diameter, Type 1: d = 230 mm; Type 2: d = 300 mm c stand d glass plate e wire mesh Figure 1 Wire mesh cylinder 4.2 Measurement unit consisting of an indicati

30、on instrument and a measuring chamber. The measuring chamber consists of the light source, fixture for the heat resisting glass plate, a cover with light reflecting interior coating with a photodiode integrated in it, which is connected with the indication instrument (see Figure 2). NOTE First opera

31、tion and calibration of the measurement unit refer to Annex 1. EN 15426:2007 (E) 8 Key 1 detector current 2 photometer 3 photo detector 4 shutter 5 soot precipitation 6 heat resistant glass plate 7 light source Figure 2 Measurement unit 4.3 Heat resistant glass plates, 100 mm x 100 mm, with a thickn

32、ess of 3,5 mm to 4,5 mm. Each glass plate is to be marked in such a way that it can be easily identified and the marking does not affect the measurement results. The light absorption of these glass plates shall not exceed 25 % (see Equation 1). E is the individually measured illuminance. 25100101EE(

33、1) where E1 is the illuminance of the measuring chamber with a clean glass plate, in Lux; E0is the illuminance of the empty measuring chamber, in Lux. 4.4 Stop watch 4.5 Balance, precision 0,1 g 4.6 Rule 4.7 Standard, fat dissolving detergent 4.8 Lint free paper towels 4.9 Pair of scissors 4.10 Suit

34、able candle holder 4.11 Stand for height adjustment 4.12 Glass platform, maximum 70 mm in diameter for tea lights EN 15426:2007 (E) 9 5 Sampling The test shall be carried out on finished candles representative of those intended to be supplied commercially. For the test result to represent a specific

35、 candle type, a minimum of three samples shall be tested. 6 Sample preparation Remove any outer wrapping and label material and prepare the sample for use according to the manufacturers instructions if any given, e.g. trim the wick. For identification of the sample, measure the dimensions and mass o

36、f the candle. The temperature of the sample shall be (20 5) C before the test is started. 7 General test conditions The room temperature at which the burning test is to take place shall be (20 5) C. The room shall be draught free. If during the test the temperature is outside the range, the maximum

37、and/or minimum temperature shall be recorded in the test report. For testing floating candles, the temperature of the water shall be (20 5) C when the test is started. NOTE Draught free means that a candle can burn without noticeable disturbance of the flame. If the flame is flickering this can be v

38、erified using a reference candle such as a paraffin candle with a diameter of 22 mm, if this candle is also flickering there is a draught, if not then it is flickering due to the candle design or quality. 8 Test method 8.1 General In the case of candle designs not catered for in the test procedures,

39、 the test should be carried out as far as possible as described and deviations from the test procedure shall be recorded in the test report. NOTE If sooting becomes excessive the measuring may be stopped early. 8.2 Test preparation The wire mesh cylinder type shall be selected according to Table1. T

40、able 1 Apparatus Type of candle Apparatus Tea lights Wire mesh cylinder Type 1 (Diameter: (230 10) mm ) 70 mm Wire mesh cylinder Type 1 (Diameter: (230 10) mm) 70 mm 60 min (5 1) min (240 5) min or continuous burning to residual height of (10 5) mm if the remaining burning time is less than 240 min

41、Mass above 40 g and a diameter equal or over 70 mm (5 1) min (240 5) min 60 min (5 1) min (240 5) min 60 min (5 1) min (240 5) min 9 Measuring of the emission on the glass plate Calibrate as given in A.2. Place the sooted glass plate, soot side up, within the holder on the light source and close the

42、 cover. If necessary, adjust the measuring range, determine the illuminance of the sooted glass plate (E3) and record the result. Clean the glass plate with detergent (4.7) and water and dry the glass plate (4.3) afterwards using lint free paper towels (4.8). Place the cleaned glass plate (4.3) on t

43、he light source and close the cover. Determine the illuminance of the cleaned glass plate (E1) and record the result. 10 Evaluation 10.1 The soot index is calculated according to Equation 2 made up of the ratio of the illuminance (E) resulting from the measurements of the sooted (E3,) glass plate /

44、cleaned (E1) glass plate. 100113=EESi (2) EN 15426:2007 (E) 12 where Si is the soot index; E3is the illuminance of the measuring chamber with the sooted glass plate, in Lux; E1is the illuminance of the measuring chamber with the cleaned glass plate, in Lux. 10.2 The average soot index per hour is ca

45、lculated as the ratio of the soot index to the total measuring time (sum of measuring periods) according to Table 2. The average soot index per hour is recorded in accordance with Equation 3. mhtSiSi = (3) where Sihis the average soot index per hour, in h-1; Si is the soot index; tmis the total meas

46、uring time, in h. 11 Test report The test report serves to identify the tested candle and to record the test results. The following items shall be included in the test report: a) reference to the number and year of publication of this European Standard (EN 15426:2007); b) details of the test sample

47、(e.g. identification, dimensions, mass); c) any defects identified during sample preparation; d) test results according to clause 10 of this European Standard; e) details of any deviations from this European Standard; f) name and address of the test facility; g) date of the test. EN 15426:2007 (E) 1

48、3 Annex A (normative) Measurement unit A.1 First operation of the measurement unit Connect the indication instrument and light source to a suitable source of electrical power and turn on. NOTE The light source does not reach its final and constant light intensity until a minimum of 30 min after bein

49、g switched on. Do not start measuring before a constant value is indicated. Set the indication instrument at the measuring range of 20 000 Lux. Adopt the next measuring range for lower values whilst measuring if necessary. Prior to first use determine the illuminance of the new instrument without any glass plate (E,0) and note it. This value for the new measurement unit should not be less than 1 500 Lux. A.2 Calibration of the measurement unit The measurement unit has to be checked daily by the following test m