1、 One or more corrigenda exist with corrections to this document. These can be searched online and ordered free of charge at www.beuth.de December 2010 Translation by DIN-Sprachendienst.English price group 32No part of this translation may be reproduced without prior permission ofDIN Deutsches Instit
2、ut fr Normung e. V., Berlin. Beuth Verlag GmbH, 10772 Berlin, Germany,has the exclusive right of sale for German Standards (DIN-Normen).ICS 91.010.30; 91.040.01!$lpl“1737773www.din.deDDIN EN 1991-4Eurocode 1: Actions on structures Part 4: Silos and tanksEnglish translation of DIN EN 1991-4:2010-12Eu
3、rocode 1: Einwirkungen auf Tragwerke Teil 4: Einwirkungen auf Silos und FlssigkeitsbehlterEnglische bersetzung von DIN EN 1991-4:2010-12Eurocode 1: Actions sur les structures Partie 4: Silos et rservoirsTraduction anglaise de DIN EN 1991-4:2010-12Supersedes DIN EN 1991-4:2006-12;together with DIN EN
4、 1991-4/NA:2010-12, supersedes DIN 1055-6:2005-03, withdrawn 2010-04, andDIN 1055-6 Corrigendum 1:2006-02 withdrawn 2010-04Supersedes: see belowwww.beuth.deDocument comprises 109 pagesIn case of doubt, the German-language original shall be considered authoritative.,0 .11 2DIN EN 1991-4:2010-12 2 A c
5、omma is used as the decimal marker. National foreword This standard has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 250 “Structural Eurocodes” (Secretariat: BSI, United Kingdom). The responsible German body involved in its preparation was the Normenausschuss Bauwesen (Building and Civil Engineering
6、Standards Committee), Working Committee NA 005-51-02 AA Einwirkungen auf Bauten (Sp CEN/TC 250/SC 1). EN 1991-4:2006 was approved by CEN on 12 October 2005. This European Standard is part of a series of standards dealing with structural design (Eurocodes) which are intended to be used as a “package”
7、. In the Directive on the application and use of Eurocodes, issued by the EU Commission, reference is made to transitional periods for the introduction of the Eurocodes in the Member states. The transitional periods are given in the Foreword of this standard. In Germany, this standard is to be appli
8、ed in conjunction with the National Annex. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. DIN and/or DKE shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Amendments This standard differs from DIN V ENV
9、 1991-4:1996-12 as follows: a) the prestandard status has been changed to that of a full standard; b) the comments received from the national standards bodies have been taken into account and the text of the standard has been completely revised. Compared with DIN EN 1991-4:2006-12, DIN 1055-6:2005-0
10、3 und DIN 1055-6 Corrigendum 1:2006-02, the following corrections have been made: a) the standard has been based on European design rules; b) superseding notes have been corrected; c) the standard has been editorially revised. Previous editions DIN 1055-6: 1964-11, 1987-05, 2005-03 DIN 1055-6 Corrig
11、endum 1: 2006-02 DIN V ENV 1991-4: 1996-12 DIN EN 1991-4: 2006-12 EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 1991-4 May 2006 ICS 91.010.30 Supersedes ENV 1991-4:1995 English Version Eurocode 1: Actions on structures Part 4: Silos and tanks Eurocode 1: Actions sur les structures Partie 4: S
12、ilos et rservoirs Eurocode 1: Einwirkungen auf Tragwerke Teil 4: Einwirkungen auf Silos und Flssigkeitsbehlter This European Standard was approved by CEN on 12 October 2005. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this Europ
13、ean Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English,
14、 French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech
15、Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPE
16、N DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG 2006 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 1991-4:2006: EManagement Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels CONTENTS Page FOREWORD 5 BACKGROUND OF THE EUROCODE PROGRAMME
17、 . 5 STATUS AND FIELD OF APPLICATION OF EUROCODES 6 NATIONAL STANDARDS IMPLEMENTING EUROCODES . 6 LINKS BETWEEN EUROCODES AND HARMONIZED TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS (ENS AND ETAS) FOR PRODUCTS. 7 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION SPECIFIC TO EN1991-4 7 NATIONAL ANNEX FOR EN1991-4. 7 SECTION 1 GENERAL 8 1.1 SCOPE
18、. 8 1.1.1 Scope of EN 1991 - Eurocode 1 . 8 1.1.2 Scope of EN 1991-4 actions on structures: silos and tanks. 8 1.2 NORMATIVE REFERENCES . 10 1.3 ASSUMPTIONS. 11 1.4 DISTINCTION BETWEEN PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATION RULES . 11 1.5 DEFINITIONS. 11 1.6 SYMBOLS USED IN PART 4 OF EUROCODE 1 15 1.6.1 Roman u
19、pper case letters 15 1.6.2 Roman lower case letters 16 1.6.3 Greek upper case letters 19 1.6.4 Greek lower case letters 20 1.6.5 Subscripts 21 SECTION 2 REPRESENTATION AND CLASSIFICATION OF ACTIONS 22 2.1 REPRESENTATION OF ACTIONS ON SILOS 22 2.2 REPRESENTATION OF ACTIONS ON TANKS 23 2.3 CLASSIFICAT
20、ION OF ACTIONS ON SILOS 23 2.4 CLASSIFICATION OF ACTIONS ON TANKS 23 2.5 ACTION ASSESSMENT CLASSIFICATION. 23 SECTION 3 DESIGN SITUATIONS 25 3.1 GENERAL 25 3.2 DESIGN SITUATIONS FOR STORED SOLIDS IN SILOS. 25 3.3 DESIGN SITUATIONS FOR DIFFERENT SILO GEOMETRICAL ARRANGEMENTS 26 3.4 DESIGN SITUATIONS
21、FOR SPECIFIC CONSTRUCTION FORMS. 31 3.5 DESIGN SITUATIONS FOR STORED LIQUIDS IN TANKS . 32 3.6 PRINCIPLES FOR DESIGN FOR EXPLOSIONS . 32 SECTION 4 PROPERTIES OF PARTICULATE SOLIDS 33 4.1 GENERAL 33 4.2 PARTICULATE SOLIDS PROPERTIES. 34 4.2.1 General 34 4.2.2 Testing and evaluation of solids properti
22、es. 35 4.2.3 Simplified approach 36 4.3 TESTING PARTICULATE SOLIDS . 36 4.3.1 Test procedures. 36 4.3.2 Bulk unit weight g. 37 4.3.3 Coefficient of wall friction m 37 4.3.4 Angle of internal friction fi 37 4.3.5 Lateral pressure ratio K. 37 4.3.6 Cohesion c 38 4.3.7 Patch load solid reference factor
23、 Cop . 38 SECTION 5 LOADS ON THE VERTICAL WALLS OF SILOS 40 5.1 GENERAL 40 5.2 SLENDER SILOS. 40 EN 1991-4:2006 (E) DIN EN 1991-4:2010-12 2 5.2.1 Filling loads on vertical walls. 40 5.2.2 Discharge loads on vertical walls . 45 5.2.3 Substitute uniform pressure increase for filling and discharge patc
24、h loads 50 5.2.4 Discharge loads for circular silos with large outlet eccentricities. 51 5.3 SQUAT AND INTERMEDIATE SLENDERNESS SILOS . 56 5.3.1 Filling loads on vertical walls. 56 5.3.2 Discharge loads on vertical walls . 58 5.3.3 Large eccentricity filling loads in squat and intermediate circular
25、silos. 60 5.3.4 Large eccentricity discharge loads in squat and intermediate circular silos . 61 5.4 RETAINING SILOS . 61 5.4.1 Filling loads on vertical walls. 61 5.4.2 Discharge loads on vertical walls . 62 5.5 SILOS CONTAINING SOLIDS WITH ENTRAINED AIR 63 5.5.1 General 63 5.5.2 Loads in silos con
26、taining fluidized solids. 63 5.6 THERMAL DIFFERENTIALS BETWEEN STORED SOLIDS AND THE SILO STRUCTURE 63 5.6.1 General 63 5.6.2 Pressures due to reduction in ambient atmospheric temperature 64 5.6.3 Pressures due to filling with hot solids . 65 5.7 LOADS IN RECTANGULAR SILOS 65 5.7.1 Rectangular silos
27、. 65 5.7.2 Silos with internal ties 65 SECTION 6 LOADS ON SILO HOPPERS AND SILO BOTTOMS 66 6.1 GENERAL 66 6.1.1 Physical properties 66 6.1.2 General rules. 67 6.2 FLAT BOTTOMS 69 6.2.1 Vertical pressures on flat bottoms in slender silos 69 6.2.2 Vertical pressures on flat bottoms in squat and interm
28、ediate silos . 69 6.3 STEEP HOPPERS 70 6.3.1 Mobilized friction . 70 6.3.2 Filling loads 71 6.3.3 Discharge loads. 71 6.4 SHALLOW HOPPERS . 72 6.4.1 Mobilized friction . 72 6.4.2 Filling loads 73 6.4.3 Discharge loads. 73 6.5 HOPPERS IN SILOS CONTAINING SOLIDS WITH ENTRAINED AIR 73 SECTION 7 LOADS O
29、N TANKS FROM LIQUIDS 74 7.1 GENERAL 74 7.2 LOADS DUE TO STORED LIQUIDS 74 7.3 LIQUID PROPERTIES. 74 7.4 SUCTION DUE TO INADEQUATE VENTING 74 ANNEX A 75 BASIS OF DESIGN - SUPPLEMENTARY PARAGRAPHS TO EN 1990 FOR SILOS AND TANKS 75 A.1 General 75 A.2 Ultimate limit state . 75 A.3 Actions for combinatio
30、n . 75 A.4 Design situations and action combinations for Action Assessment Classes 2 and 3 76 A.5 Action combinations for Action Assessment Class 1 . 78 ANNEX B 79 ACTIONS, PARTIAL FACTORS AND COMBINATIONS OF ACTIONS ON TANKS . 79 B.1 General 79 B.2 Actions 79 B.3 Partial factors for actions 81 B.4
31、Combination of actions. 81 3 DIN EN 1991-4:2010-12 EN 1991-4:2006 (E) ANNEX C 82 MEASUREMENT OF PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS FOR SILO LOAD EVALUATION 82 C.1 Object 82 C.2 Field of application . 82 C.3 Notation 82 C.4 Definitions 83 C.5 Sampling and preparation of samples . 83 C.6 Bulk unit weight g. 84 C.7
32、Wall friction. 85 C.8 Lateral pressure ratio K. 87 C.9 Strength parameters: cohesion c and internal friction angle fi . 88 C.10 Effective elastic modulus Es 91 C.11 Assessment of the upper and lower characteristic values of a property and determination of the conversion factor a . 94 ANNEX D 97 EVAL
33、UATION OF PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS FOR SILO LOAD EVALUATION 97 D.1 Object 97 D.2 Evaluation of the wall friction coefficient for a corrugated wall 97 D.3 Internal and wall friction for coarse-grained solids without fines 98 ANNEX E 99 VALUES OF THE PROPERTIES OF PARTICULATE SOLIDS . 99 E.1 General 99 E.
34、2 Defined values 99 ANNEX F 100 FLOW PATTERN DETERMINATION . 100 F.1 Mass and funnel flow 100 ANNEX G 101 ALTERNATIVE RULES FOR PRESSURES IN HOPPERS 101 G.1 General 101 G.2 Notation 101 G.3 Definitions 101 G.4 Design situations. 101 G.5 Evaluation of the bottom load multiplier Cb 101 G.6 Filling pre
35、ssures on flat and nearly-flat bottoms 102 G.7 Filling pressures in hoppers . 102 G.8 Discharge pressures on flat or nearly-flat bottoms . 103 G.9 Discharge pressures on hoppers 103 G.10 Alternative expression for the discharge hopper pressure ratio Fe. 103 ANNEX H 105 ACTIONS DUE TO DUST EXPLOSIONS
36、 105 H.1 General. 105 H.2 Scope . 105 H.3 Notation . 105 H.4 Explosive dusts and relevant properties. 105 H.5 Ignition sources 105 H.6 Protecting precautions 106 H.7 Design of structural elements 106 H.8 Design pressure 106 H.9 Design for underpressure . 106 H.10 Design of venting devices. 107 H.11
37、Reaction forces by venting . 107 4 DIN EN 1991-4:2010-12 EN 1991-4:2006 (E) Foreword This document (EN 1991-4:2006) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC250 “Structural Eurocode”, the secretariat of which is held by BSI. This document shall be given the status of a national standard, eithe
38、r by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by November 2006, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by March 2010. This document supersedes ENV 1991-4:1995. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organization
39、s of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia,
40、 Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. Background of the Eurocode programme In 1975, the Commission of the European Community decided on an action programme in the field of construction, based on Article 95 of the Treaty. The objective of the programme was the elimination of technical o
41、bstacles to trade and the harmonization of technical specifications. Within this action programme, the Commission took the initiative to establish a set of harmonized technical rules for the design of construction works which, in a first stage, would serve as an alternative to the national rules in
42、force in the Member States and, ultimately, would replace them. For fifteen years, the Commission, with the help of a Steering Committee with Representatives of Member States, conducted the development of the Eurocodes programme, which led to the first generation of European codes in the 1980s. In 1
43、989, the Commission and the Member States of the EU and EFTA decided, on the basis of an agreement1) between the Commission and CEN, to transfer the preparation and the publication of the Eurocodes to the CEN through a series of Mandates, in order to provide them with a future status of European Sta
44、ndard (EN). This links de facto the Eurocodes with the provisions of all the Councils Directives and/or Commissions Decisions dealing with European standards (e.g. the Council Directive 89/106/EEC on construction products CPD and Council Directives 93/37/EEC, 92/50/EEC and 89/440/EEC on public works
45、 and services and equivalent EFTA Directives initiated in pursuit of setting up the internal market). The Structural Eurocode programme comprises the following standards generally consisting of a number of parts: EN1990 Eurocode: Basis of structural design EN1991 Eurocode 1: Actions on structures EN
46、1992 Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures EN1993 Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures EN1994 Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and concrete structures EN1995 Eurocode 5: Design of timber structures EN1996 Eurocode 6: Design of masonry structures EN1997 Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design EN19
47、98 Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance EN1999 Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium structures 1) Agreement between the Commission of the European Communities and the European Committee for Standardisation (CEN) concerning the work on Eurocodes for the design of building and civil e
48、ngineering works (BC/CEN/03/89). 5 DIN EN 1991-4:2010-12 EN 1991-4:2006 (E) Eurocode standards recognize the responsibility of regulatory authorities in each Member State and have safeguarded their right to determine values related to regulatory safety matters at national level where these continue
49、to vary from State to State. Status and field of application of Eurocodes The Member States of the EU and EFTA recognize that Eurocodes serve as reference documents for the following purposes: - as a means to prove compliance of building and civil engineering works with the essential requirements of Council Directive 89/106/EEC, particularly Essential Requirement N1 Mechanical resistance and stability and Essential Requirement N2 Safety in case of fire; - as a basis for specifying contracts for construction works and related engineering services; - as a frame
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