1、December 2013 Translation by DIN-Sprachendienst.English price group 11No part of this translation may be reproduced without prior permission ofDIN Deutsches Institut fr Normung e. V., Berlin. Beuth Verlag GmbH, 10772 Berlin, Germany,has the exclusive right of sale for German Standards (DIN-Normen).I
2、CS 97.195!%*L“2079141www.din.deDDIN EN 16322Conservation of Cultural Heritage Test methods Determination of drying properties;English version EN 16322:2013,English translation of DIN EN 16322:2013-12Erhaltung des kulturellen Erbes Prfverfahren Trocknungsverhalten;Englische Fassung EN 16322:2013,Engl
3、ische bersetzung von DIN EN 16322:2013-12Conservation du patrimoine culturel Mthodes dessai Dtermination des proprits de schage;Version anglaise EN 16322:2013,Traduction anglaise de DIN EN 16322:2013-12www.beuth.deIn case of doubt, the German-language original shall be considered authoritative.Docum
4、ent comprises 17 pages 12.13 DIN EN 16322:2013-12 2 A comma is used as the decimal marker. National foreword This document (EN 16322:2013) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 346 “Conservation of cultural property” (Secretariat: UNI, Italy). The responsible German body involved in its pr
5、eparation was the Normenausschuss Bauwesen (Building and Civil Engineering Standards Committee), Working Committee NA 005-01-36 AA Erhaltung des kulturellen Erbes. EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 16322 October 2013 ICS 97.195 English Version Conservation of Cultural Heritage - T
6、est methods - Determination of drying properties Conservation du patrimoine culturel - Mthodes dessai - Dtermination des proprits de schage Erhaltung des kulturellen Erbes - Prfverfahren - Trocknungsverhalten This European Standard was approved by CEN on 24 August 2013. CEN members are bound to comp
7、ly with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC
8、 Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the sa
9、me status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg
10、 Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 20
11、13 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 16322:2013: EEN 16322:2013 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword . 3 Introduction 4 1 Scope 5 2 Normative references . 5 3 Terms and definitions 5 4 Principle 6 5 Symbols and abbreviations
12、 6 6 Test equipment . 6 7 Preparation of the specimens 6 7.1 Number and dimensions of the test specimens . 6 7.2 Pre-conditioning of the specimens . 7 8 Test procedure . 7 9 Expression of results . 9 9.1 Determination of the drying curve . 9 9.2 Calculation of the drying rate 9 9.2.1 Calculation of
13、 the drying rate corresponding to the first drying phase D19 9.2.2 Calculation of the drying rate corresponding to the second drying phase D29 9.2.3 Determination of the knick-point . 9 9.3 Calculation of drying index 10 10 Test report 10 Annex A (normative) Numerical example . 11 Annex B (informati
14、ve) Influence of ventilation on the drying curve . 14 DIN EN 16322:2013-12 EN 16322:2013 (E) 3 Foreword This document (EN 16322:2013) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 346 “Conservation of Cultural Heritage”, the secretariat of which is held by UNI. This European Standard shall be give
15、n the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by April 2014, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by April 2014. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be t
16、he subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belg
17、ium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switze
18、rland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. DIN EN 16322:2013-12 EN 16322:2013 (E) 4 Introduction This test method can be applied if it does not change the value of the cultural property according to the ethical code of conservation practice. The drying properties of materials can be calculated from a cur
19、ve that indicates the weight loss of the mass of water inside the sample, as a function of time, during a drying experiment. Usually the drying of specimens saturated with water consists of two phases. The first drying phase is characterised by transport of liquid water to the surface followed by ev
20、aporation. The surface remains wet allowing evaporation at a constant rate, as water moves to the surface fast enough to compensate for the losses due to evaporation. The evaporation at the surface is determined to a large extent by the test boundary conditions. These are temperature, relative humid
21、ity and the flow velocity of the ambient air. The slope of the drying curve during the first drying phase therefore reflects these conditions. The second drying phase starts when the amount of water brought to the surface becomes too small to keep the surface wetted and the rate of evaporation decre
22、ases. Transport of liquid water to the surface is no longer possible and only the less efficient vapour diffusion mechanism remains available. Some materials, e.g. adobe or sandstones containing clay, do not dry in this typical two-phase drying curve. For example, in the case of material treated wit
23、h water repellent, the first drying phase does not exist. DIN EN 16322:2013-12 EN 16322:2013 (E) 5 1 Scope This European Standard specifies a method for the determination of the drying behaviour of porous inorganic materials used for and constituting cultural property. The method may be applied to p
24、orous inorganic materials either untreated or subjected to any treatment or ageing. 2 Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For un
25、dated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 15898, Conservation of cultural property - Main general terms and definitions 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN 15898 and the followin
26、g apply. 3.1 porous inorganic material material including natural stones as sandstone, limestone, marble, and others as well as artificial materials such as mortar, plaster, brick and others 3.2 drying rate mass of water transported through the specimen per area and time 3.3 drying curve graphical r
27、epresentation of water loss over time showing in most inorganic porous materials two distinct drying phases 3.4 first drying phase characterised by transport of liquid water to the surface followed by evaporation 3.5 second drying phase characterised by a decrease in liquid water transport and an in
28、crease in water vapour diffusion limited by hygric material properties 3.6 knick-point of the drying curve time of transition between the first and the second drying phases shown on the drying curve 3.7 drying index area under the curve derived by graphical or mathematical methods DIN EN 16322:2013-
29、12 EN 16322:2013 (E) 6 4 Principle Determination of the drying behaviour of porous inorganic materials saturated with water and subjected to drying in a controlled environment. 5 Symbols and abbreviations mmaxmass of the saturated sealed specimen, in kg; mimass of the sealed specimen at time ti, in
30、kg; mffinal mass of the sealed specimen at time tf, in kg; titime elapsed from the beginning of the test, in h; tktime at which the knick-point is reached in h; tffinal time of the test, in h; A area of the drying face, in m2; D1drying rate corresponding to the first drying phase, in kg/m2h; D2dryin
31、g rate corresponding to the second drying phase, in kg/m2h1/2;ID drying index; Miresidual amount of water of the specimen at time tiper unit area, in kg/m2; vapour transfer coefficient. 6 Test equipment 6.1 A chronometer with an accuracy of at least 1 s. 6.2 A ventilated oven which can maintain a te
32、mperature of (60 2) C. 6.3 An analytical balance with an accuracy of at least 0,01 g. 6.4 A linear measuring device (calliper) with an accuracy of at least 0,1 mm. 6.5 Climatic chamber with temperature of (23 1) C and relative humidity (50 3) %. 6.6 Sand paper with grain size of 82 m (corresponding
33、to grit number P180 according to the FEPA 1) classification). 6.7 Desiccator filled with desiccant such as self-indicating silica gel or other drying agent. 7 Preparation of the specimens 7.1 Number and dimensions of the test specimens The test specimens shall have a regular shape such as cubes or c
34、ylinders. They shall have minimum dimensions on any side of 10 mm. Large samples give greater experimental accuracy. 1) FEPA Federation of European Producers of Abrasives DIN EN 16322:2013-12 EN 16322:2013 (E) 7 The number and dimensions of specimens are dependent on the heterogeneity of the materia
35、l. Each series shall consist of at least 3 specimens. In case of anisotropy, each series shall always be tested according to the same orientation, if any. All dimensions should not differ by 0,5 mm. In case of non homogeneous materials such as mortars containing coarse aggregates, the dimensions sha
36、ll be at least three times (and preferably five times) that of the largest grain size. In cases where sampling constraints exist the number and dimensions of samples may need to vary from the requirements given above, however every effort should be made to ensure that the minimum requirements for re
37、liability are satisfied. 7.2 Pre-conditioning of the specimens The test surface shall be flat and wet or dry polished with sand paper (6.6). After polishing, the specimens shall be washed with water, gently brushed with a soft brush and immersed in deionised water for 30 min. In case of water-sensit
38、ive materials, for example gypsum containing materials, only dry polishing and compressed air shall be used. The above procedure does not apply to treated specimens or specimens taken from exposed surfaces. Specimens are saturated with water by capillary rising absorption for 24 h and then total imm
39、ersion until constant mass in achieved. Constant mass is reached when the difference between two successive weightings at an interval of 24 h is not greater than 0,1 % of mass of the specimen. After this immersion the surface of the specimens is patted dry. All faces, except the test surface, are th
40、en sealed with a water impermeable (both in liquid and vapour form) material such as latex, aluminium foil, etc. 8 Test procedure Specimens prepared according to Clause 7 are placed in a climatic chamber at temperature (23 1) C and relative humidity (50 3)% in such a way that drying occurs through t
41、he upper side. The drying behaviour is recorded by periodic weighing. As the air flow conditions have significant influence on the drying rate during the first drying phase, these conditions should be kept constant and reproducible. The influence is illustrated in Annex B. The first weight reading a
42、t t = 0 is mmax.In order to obtain enough data during the first drying phase, the measurement interval at the beginning of the drying shall be chosen in accordance with the specimen height and the materials under investigation. The following figure indicates this influence showing drying curves obta
43、ined under standard conditions for different materials. DIN EN 16322:2013-12 EN 16322:2013 (E) 8 Key X time d Y water content kg/m2 A weathered granite B concrete C historic lime plaster D sand stone E clinker clay brick F clay brick Figure 1 Drying curves for different materials with different leng
44、th of the first drying phase; calculation results for specimens of 5 cm height dried under standard conditions DIN EN 16322:2013-12 EN 16322:2013 (E) 9 The above graphs indicate the following: materials with a low liquid conductivity (dense materials, e.g. concrete) generally show a short first dryi
45、ng phase materials with a high liquid conductivity (porous materials as clay brick) generally show a distinct and long first drying phase In addition, a smaller specimen height can lead to a shorter first drying phase. In the first hour of the experiment procedure a minimum of 5 measurements should
46、be taken at set time intervals. After the first hour, measurements should be taken on an hourly basis for the next 7 h. Subsequent measurements should then be taken twice a day with at least 6 h between two successive weightings. The experiment is carried out until the final mass of the sealed speci
47、men at time tf(mf) is reached. 9 Expression of results 9.1 Determination of the drying curve The residual amount of water present in the specimen per unit area (expressed as kg/m2) at time tiis calculated as follows: AmmMfii= The calculated values of Miare reported as a function of time expressed in
48、 h. 9.2 Calculation of the drying rate 9.2.1 Calculation of the drying rate corresponding to the first drying phase D1The drying rate corresponding to the first drying phase (see Figure A.1) is the negative slope of the initial linear part of the drying curve and shall be calculated by linear regression, using at least 5 successive aligned points. 9.2.2 Calculation of the drying rate corresponding to the second drying phase D2For the determination of the drying rate corresponding to the second drying phase th
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