1、August 2014Translation by DIN-Sprachendienst.English price group 16No part of this translation may be reproduced without prior permission ofDIN Deutsches Institut fr Normung e. V., Berlin. Beuth Verlag GmbH, 10772 Berlin, Germany,has the exclusive right of sale for German Standards (DIN-Normen).ICS
2、13.040.20!%7“2209829www.din.deDDIN EN 16413Ambient air Biomonitoring with lichens Assessing epiphytic lichen diversity;English version EN 16413:2014,English translation of DIN EN 16413:2014-08Auenluft Biomonitoring mit Flechten Kartierung der Diversitt epiphytischer Flechten;Englische Fassung EN 164
3、13:2014,Englische bersetzung von DIN EN 16413:2014-08Air ambiant Biosurveillance laide de lichens Evaluation de la diversit de lichens piphytes;Version anglaise EN 16413:2014,Traduction anglaise de DIN EN 16413:2014-08www.beuth.deIn case of doubt, the German-language original shall be considered aut
4、horitative.Document comprises 36 pages07.14This standard has been included in the VDI/DIN Handbook on air quality, Volume 1 A.DIN EN 16413:2014-08 2 A comma is used as the decimal marker. National foreword This document (EN 16413:2014) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 264 “Air quality
5、” (Secretariat: DIN, Germany), Working Group WG 31 “Biomonitoring methods with mosses and lichens” (Secretariat and Convenership: AFNOR, France). The responsible German body involved in its preparation was the Kommission Reinhaltung der Luft (KRdL) im VDI und DIN Normenausschuss (Commission on Air P
6、ollution Prevention of VDI and DIN Standards Committee). National technical regulation pertaining to biomonitoring with plants The VDI 3957 Guideline series describes standardised biological measuring techniques. These methods and the resulting assessment values allow the determination and evaluatio
7、n of the temporal and spatial distribution of air pollutant effects. The VDI 3957 Guideline series consists of the following parts: VDI 3957 Part 1, Biological measuring techniques for the determination and evaluation of effects of air pollutants on plants Fundamentals and aims VDI 3957 Part 2, Biol
8、ogical measuring techniques for the determination and evaluation of effects of air pollutants on plants (bioindication) Method of standardised grass exposure VDI 3957 Part 3, Biological measuring techniques for the determination and evaluation of effects of air pollutants on plants (bioindication) P
9、rocedure for standardised exposure of curly kale VDI 3957 Part 5, Biological measuring techniques for the determination and evaluation of effects of air pollutants on plants (bioindication) Standardised exposure of spruce VDI 3957 Part 6, Biological measuring techniques for the determination and eva
10、luation of effects of air pollutants on plants (bioindication) Determination and evaluation of the phytotoxic effect of photo-oxidants Method of the standardised tobacco exposure VDI 3957 Part 8, Determination of the growth rate of epiphytic lichens for ecological long-term monitoring VDI 3957 Part
11、10, Biological measuring techniques for the determination and evaluation of effects of air pollutants on plants (bioindication) Source-related measurements of ambient air quality using bio-indicators VDI 3957 Part 11, Biological measuring techniques for the determination and evaluation of effects of
12、 air pollutants on plants (bioindication) Sampling of leaves and needles for a biomonitoring of the accumu-lation of air pollutants (passive biomonitoring) VDI 3957 Part 12, Biological measuring techniques for the determination and evaluation of effects of air pollutants on plants (bioindication) Ma
13、pping of diversity of epiphytic bryophytes as indicators of air quality VDI 3957 Part 13, Biological measuring techniques for the determination and evaluation of effects of air pollutants on plants (bioindication) Mapping the diversity of epiphytic lichens as an indicator of air quality VDI 3957 Par
14、t 14, Biological measuring techniques for the determination and evaluation of effects of air pollutants on plants (bioindication) Phytotoxic effect of inorganic fluorides in ambient air Method of standardised gladiolus exposure DIN EN 16413:2014-08 3 VDI 3957 Part 15, Biological measuring techniques
15、 for the determination and evaluation of effects of air pollutants on plants (bioindication) Investigation strategy following hazardous incidents (passive biomonitoring) VDI 3957 Part 16, Biological measuring techniques for the determination and evaluation of effects of air pollutants on plants (bio
16、indication) Determination of genotoxic effects with the Tradescantia MCN test VDI 3957 Part 17, Biological measuring techniques for the determination and evaluation of effects of air pollutants on plants (bioindication) Active monitoring of the heavy metal load with peat moss (Sphagnum-bag-technique
17、) VDI 3957 Part 19, Biological measuring techniques for the determination and evaluation of effects of air pollutants on plants (bioindication) Detection of regional nitrogen depositions with the mosses Scleropodium purum and Pleurozium schreberi DIN EN 16413:2014-08 4 This page is intentionally bla
18、nk EN 16413 February 2014 ICS 13.040.20 English Version Ambient air - Biomonitoring with lichens - Assessing epiphytic lichen diversity Air ambiant - Biosurveillance laide de lichens - Evaluation de la diversit de lichens piphytes Auenluft - Biomonitoring mit Flechten - Kartierung der Diversitt epip
19、hytischer Flechten This European Standard was approved by CEN on 13 December 2013. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and
20、 bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the r
21、esponsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav
22、 Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000
23、Brussels 2014 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 16413:2014 EEUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATIONCOMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATIONEUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNGEUROPEAN STANDARDNORME EUROPENNEEUROPISCHE NORMEN 16413:201
24、4 (E) 2 Contents PageForeword 3 0 Introduction 4 0.1 Biomonitoring and air quality .4 0.2 Biomonitoring and EU legislation 4 0.3 Biomonitoring with lichens .5 1 Scope 6 2 Terms and definitions .6 3 Principles 7 4 Equipment 8 4.1 Field work preparation equipment .8 4.2 Field equipment .8 4.3 Laborato
25、ry equipment .9 5 Sampling 10 5.1 General . 10 5.2 Sampling objective . 10 5.3 Study type considered . 10 5.4 Sampling design . 11 5.4.1 General . 11 5.4.2 Prior to sampling 11 5.4.3 Standard tree species selection for a survey 11 5.4.4 Standard tree parameter 12 5.4.5 Sampling scheme . 13 5.4.6 Sam
26、pling unit 16 5.4.7 Sampling density 16 5.4.8 Surveying lichens . 17 5.4.9 Identification in laboratory of critical specimens 17 6 Lichen species frequencies . 17 7 Recommendations for Quality Assurance and Quality Control 17 Annex A (informative) Example of survey sheets . 20 Annex B (informative)
27、Calculating lichen diversity metrics. 22 B.1 General . 22 B.2 Lichen Diversity Value (LDV) . 22 B.3 Diversity value of the indicators of eutrophication (e.g. LDVN sensu VDI 3957 Part 13) 23 Annex C (informative) Suitable tree species . 24 Annex D (informative) Sampling density calculations . 25 Anne
28、x E (informative) Information needed at the end of the survey 26 Annex F (informative) Main phases of application of this European Standard . 27 Bibliography . 28 DIN EN 16413:2014-08EN 16413:2014 (E) 3 ForewordThis document (EN 16413:2014) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 264 “Air qu
29、ality”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by August 2014, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by August 2014. At
30、tention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations
31、of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Ne
32、therlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. DIN EN 16413:2014-08EN 16413:2014 (E) 4 0 Introduction 0.1 Biomonitoring and air quality The impact of air pollution is of growing importance worldwide. Local and regional ass
33、essment is necessary as a first step to collect fundamental information, which can be used to avoid, prevent and minimize harmful effects on human health and the environment as a whole. Biomonitoring may serve as a tool for such a purpose. As the effects on indicator organisms are a time-integrated
34、result of complex influences combining both air quality and local climatic conditions, this holistic biological approach is considered particularly close to human and environmental health end points and thus is relevant to air quality management. It is important to emphasize that biomonitoring data
35、are completely different from those obtained through physico-chemical measurements (ambient concentrations and deposition) and computer modelling (emissions data). Biomonitoring provides evidence of the effects that airborne pollutants have on organisms. As such it reveals biologically relevant, fie
36、ld-based, time- and space-integrated indications of environmental health as a whole. Legislation states that there should be no harmful environmental effects from air pollution. This requirement can be met only by investigating the effects at the biological level. The application of biomonitoring in
37、 air quality and environmental management requires rigorous standards and a recognized regime so that it can be evaluated in the same way as physico-chemical measurements and modelling in pollution management. Biomonitoring is the traditional way through which environmental changes have been detecte
38、d historically. Various standard works on biomonitoring provide an overview of the state of the science at the time, e.g. 1, 2, 3. The first investigations of passive biomonitoring are documented in the middle of the 19th century: by monitoring the development of epiphytic lichens it was discovered
39、that the lichens were damaged during the polluted period in winter and recovered and showed strong growth in summer 4. These observations identified lichens as important bioindicators. Later investigations also dealt with bioaccumulators. An active biomonitoring procedure with bush beans was first i
40、nitiated in 1899 5. 0.2 Biomonitoring and EU legislation Biomonitoring methods in terrestrial environments respond to a variety of requirements and objectives of EU environmental policy primarily in the fields of air quality (Directive 2008/50/EC on ambient air, 6), integrated pollution prevention a
41、nd control (Directive 2008/1/EC 7, and Directive 2010/75/EU 8) and conservation (Habitats Directive). The topics food chain (9) and animal feed (10, 11, 12) are alluded to as well. For air quality in Europe, the legislator requires adequate monitoring of air quality, including pollution deposition a
42、s well as avoidance, prevention or reduction of harmful effects. Biomonitoring methods appertain to the scope of short and long-term air quality assessment. Directive 2004/107/EC of 15 December 2004 relating to arsenic, cadmium, mercury, nickel and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air (13
43、) states that “the use of bio indicators may be considered where regional patterns of the impact on ecosystems are to be assessed”. Concerning IPPC from industrial installations, the permit procedure includes two particular environmental conditions for setting adequate emission limit values. The ass
44、erted concepts of “effects” and “sensitivity of the local environment” open up a broad field for biomonitoring methods, in relation to the general impact on air quality and the deposition of operational-specific pollutants. The basic properties of biomonitoring methods can be used advantageously for
45、 various applications such as reference inventories prior to the start of a new installation, the mapping of the potential pollution reception areas and (long-term) monitoring of the impact caused by industrial activity. The environmental inspection of installations demands the examination of the fu
46、ll range of environmental effects. For the public authority, biomonitoring data contribute to the decision-making process, e.g. concerning the question of tolerance of impacts at the local scale. The Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora 14
47、) requires competent authorities to consider or review planning permission and other activities affecting a European designated site where the integrity of the site could be adversely affected. The Directive also DIN EN 16413:2014-08EN 16413:2014 (E) 5 provides for the control of potentially damagin
48、g operations, whereby consent may only be granted once it has been shown through appropriate assessment that the proposed operation will not adversely affect the integrity of the site. The responsibility lies with the applicant to demonstrate that there is no adverse effect on such a conservation ar
49、ea. For this purpose, biomonitoring is well suited as a non-intrusive form of environmental assessment. As an important element within its integrated environmental policy, in 2003 the European Commission adopted a European Environment and Health Strategy (15) with the overall aim of reducing diseases caused by environmental factors in Europe. In Chapter 5 of this document it is stated that the “community approach entails the collection and linking of data on envi
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