1、September 2014 Translation by DIN-Sprachendienst.English price group 22No part of this translation may be reproduced without prior permission ofDIN Deutsches Institut fr Normung e. V., Berlin. Beuth Verlag GmbH, 10772 Berlin, Germany,has the exclusive right of sale for German Standards (DIN-Normen).
2、ICS 91.060.30!%:lL“2237341www.din.deDDIN EN 16481Timber stairs Structural design Calculation methods;English version EN 16481:2014,English translation of DIN EN 16481:2014-09Holztreppen Bauplanung Berechnungsmethoden;Englische Fassung EN 16481:2014,Englische bersetzung von DIN EN 16481:2014-09Escali
3、ers en bois Conception de la structure Mthodes de calcul;Version anglaise EN 16481:2014,Traduction anglaise de DIN EN 16481:2014-09www.beuth.deDocument comprises 60 pagesIn case of doubt, the German-language original shall be considered authoritative.08.14DIN EN 16481:2014-09 2 A comma is used as th
4、e decimal marker. National foreword This document (EN 16481:2014) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 175 “Round and sawn timber” (Secretariat: AFNOR, France). The responsible German body involved in its preparation was the Normenausschuss Holzwirtschaft und Mbel (DIN Standards Committee
5、 Timber and Furniture), Working Committee NA 042-01-14 AA Rund- und Schnittholz SpA zu CEN/TC 175 und ISO/TC 218. EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 16481 June 2014 ICS 91.060.30 English Version Timber stairs - Structural design - Calculation methods Escaliers en bois - Conception
6、de la structure - Mthodes de calcul Holztreppen - Bauplanung - Berechnungsmethoden This European Standard was approved by CEN on 17 April 2014. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a n
7、ational standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A
8、version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cypru
9、s, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United King
10、dom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2014 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 16481:2
11、014 EEN 16481:2014 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword 3 1 Scope 4 2 Normative references 6 3 Terms and definitions, formula symbols and SI-units .7 3.1 Terms and definitions .7 3.2 Notation of formula symbols 7 3.3 SI-units . 11 4 Principles for verification of mechanical performance characteristics 12 4.
12、1 Performance characteristics to be verified 12 4.2 Typical actions 12 4.3 Significant action combinations . 12 4.3.1 General . 12 4.3.2 Action combinations relevant for verification of usability/serviceability . 13 4.3.3 Action combination for verification of the load-bearing capacity . 13 4.4 Bear
13、ing resistance within the verification of the load-bearing capacity 13 5 Determination of mechanical stress (stress resultants and deformations) . 14 5.1 General . 14 5.2 Static systems and cross-section properties for tread of stairs . 16 5.2.1 Parallel treads without riser . 16 5.2.2 Parallel step
14、s with riser 18 5.2.3 Tapered treads 19 5.2.4 Kite winders . 22 5.3 Static systems for stair strings and their cross-sectional characteristics . 24 5.3.1 Closed strings . 24 5.3.2 Cut string . 28 5.4 Calculation models for joints 32 5.4.1 General . 32 5.4.2 Modelling of tread-string connections . 33
15、 5.4.3 Modelling of string-corner connections . 44 5.4.4 Modelling of connections to the construction . 46 5.5 Modelling of loads 49 5.5.1 Modelling of permanent loads . 49 5.5.2 Modelling of the variable, equally distributed vertical load qk,1. 49 5.5.3 Modelling of the variable and equally distrib
16、uted horizontal load qk,250 6 Verification within the limit state of serviceability 52 6.1 General . 52 6.2 Limit values of deformations . 52 6.3 Verification of oscillation . 53 7 Verification within the limit state of load bearing capacity 53 7.1 General . 53 7.2 Verification of the load-bearing c
17、apacity of cross-sections 53 7.3 Verification of load-bearing capacity of the connections. 54 7.3.1 Verification of load-bearing capacity of tread-string connections 54 7.3.2 Verification of the load-bearing capacity of string-corner connections . 55 7.4 Verification of the load-bearing capacity of
18、connections to the building. 57 Bibliography . 58 DIN EN 16481:2014-09 EN 16481:2014 (E) 3 Foreword This document (EN 16481:2014) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 175 “Round and sawn timber”, the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR. This European Standard shall be given the status o
19、f a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by December 2014, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by December 2014. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subje
20、ct of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document takes into account the following standards: EN 1990; EN 1991-1-1; EN 1995-1-1. This document is addressed for structural designers to design timber stairs from a common
21、European method; it should be useful for SMEs as an alternative to testing where applicable. This European Standard takes into account the current state of the art regarding safety concept, loading assumptions, determination of stress resultants, as well as dimensioning in the field of wood engineer
22、ing. The requirements and verification procedures essential for the verification of mechanical performance characteristics, serviceability and load-bearing capacity of stairs and their components are compiled and described in the following clauses. The mechanical performance characteristics of stair
23、s may be verified by using the following methods: testing of stairs as a whole or in part; mathematical verification on the basis of structural analysis following the principles of this European Standard; assessment based on experience: conventionally accepted performance (CAP) which should be defin
24、ed in national documents. All methods are equally valid. This document needs to be read in conjunction with EN 15644. According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bu
25、lgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
26、Turkey and the United Kingdom. DIN EN 16481:2014-09 EN 16481:2014 (E) 4 1 Scope This European Standard constitutes a frame standard for the design of timber stairs as well as wood and wood-based components used in stairs by calculation methods. Some calculation methods can be derived from testing re
27、sults, for example CEN/TS 15680. This document specifies the design and the requirements for materials and components to be used in these calculation methods. It may be complemented by national application documents based on this European Standard. This European Standard applies to coated and uncoat
28、ed components. This document covers load-bearing components such as strings, treads, risers, posts and guardrails. Requirements for a timber stair are defined in the product standard, EN 15644. This document does not cover stairs that contribute to the overall stability of the works or the strength
29、of the structure. This European Standard is valid for the verification of mechanical performance characteristics, usability and load-bearing capacity and their related durability. Other requirements, e.g. requirements for acoustic properties, are not covered by this European Standard. For the design
30、, calculation and determination of not solely resting actions, additional requirements need to be taken into account (to be checked). For the dimensioning with special reference to resistance to fire and earthquake/seismic action, additional requirements may be taken into account. Without further ve
31、rification, the methods in this European Standard are valid for different types of stair structures and their components, as illustrated in Figure 1: a) Stair with closed string and riser DIN EN 16481:2014-09 EN 16481:2014 (E) 5 b) Stair with closed string without riser c) Stair with cut strings and
32、 riser DIN EN 16481:2014-09 EN 16481:2014 (E) 6 d) Stair with cut strings without riser e) Combination of stairs with closed string and cut string with or without riser Figure 1 Types of stair structures and their components 2 Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part, are no
33、rmatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 338, Structural timber Strength classes EN 1990, Eurocod
34、e Basis of structural design EN 1991-1-1:2002, Eurocode 1: Actions on structures Part 1-1: General actions Densities, self-weight, imposed loads for buildings EN 1993-1-1, Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings DIN EN 16481:2014-09 EN 16481:2014 (E) 7
35、EN 1995-1-1, Eurocode 5: Design of timber structures Part 1-1: General Common rules and rules for buildings NOTE Eurocode includes its National Application Documents (NAD). EN 14076, Timber stairs Terminology EN 15644, Traditionally designed prefabricated stairs made of solid wood Specifications and
36、 requirements EN ISO 80000-1, Quantities and units Part 1: General (ISO 80000-1) 3 Terms and definitions, formula symbols and SI-units 3.1 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN 1990, EN 1995-1-1 and EN 14076 and the following apply. NOTE The g
37、eneral terms used in the context of actions and resistance as well as terms referring to the safety concept are given in EN 1990. The specific valid terms used in the field of wood construction are found in EN 1995-11. Specific terms regarding stair construction are given in EN 14076. 3.1.1 cross-br
38、acing tie-bars system designed to provide torsional restraint to strings EXAMPLE Screws, nails, glues. 3.2 Notation of formula symbols In most cases, the notation of formula symbols consists of a main symbol (main indicator) and one or more subscript indicators. The following list defines the most c
39、ommon notations. Explanations of further notations either follow immediately the formula in which they appear or are described in the accompanying text. pitch partial safety factor for loads xtorsional angle around the x-axis ytorsional angle around the y-axis ztorsional angle around the z-axis Mpar
40、tial safety factor for a material property 0combination coefficient A cross-sectional area Aycross-sectional shear area in the direction of the y-axis Azcross-sectional shear area in the direction of the z-axis Across-bracingcross-sectional area of the cross-bracing Astringcalculated cross-sectional
41、 area of the string DIN EN 16481:2014-09 EN 16481:2014 (E) 8 Astring,I-Ireal cross-sectional area of the string in section I-I Astring,III-IIIreal cross-sectional area of the string in section III-III Ay,stringcalculated shear area of the string in the direction of the y-axis Az,stringcalculated she
42、ar area of the string in the direction of the z-axis corner_i connecting rod, bottom string-corner section corner_i+1 connecting rod, top string-corner section Dmaxmaximum distance between lower edge of string and lower edge of housing Dmediumaverage value of Dmaxund DminDminsmallest distance betwee
43、n upper edge of string and upper edge of housing d cross-sectional thickness, subscript for rated value dhousingdepth of housing dtreadthickness of the tread dstringthickness of the string E modulus of elasticity e eccentricity EA stretch stiffness of a component Edvalue of influence regarding the v
44、erification EIybending stiffness around the y-axis EIzbending stiffness around the z-axis EIy,treadbending stiffness of the tread around the y-axis EIz,treadbending stiffness of the tread around the z-axis etreaddistance of the plumb line of tread and the idealized plumb line of the cut string F for
45、ce, point load f1fundamental frequency G rigidity modulus GAyrigidity stiffness of a component in the direction of the y-axis GAzrigidity stiffness of a component in the direction of the z-axis GIttorsional stiffness of a component Gkpermanent action of construction including all fasteners g going H
46、 acting horizontally live load h height of cross-section hbalustradedistance between horizontal rail load and tread hmaxreal maximum section height of the cut sting hminreal minimum section height of the cut sting hc,string,max real maximum distance between the plumb line of a cut string to lowest e
47、dge of the string hc,string,minreal minimum distance between the plumb line of a cut string to lowest edge of string hcutmaximum height of the cut string area (hcut= hmax hmin) hstringheight of the string DIN EN 16481:2014-09 EN 16481:2014 (E) 9 hhousingheight of the housing h*c,stringcalculated dis
48、tance of the plumb line of a cut string to lowest edge of string h*stringcalculated height of the cut string H*stringorthogonal projection of the calculated height of the cut string H*c,stringorthogonal projection of the calculated distance of the plumb line of a cut string to lowest edge of string
49、I moment of inertia Icross-bracing calculated moment of inertia of the cross-bracing by stairs with cut strings Ittorsional moment of inertia It,stringcalculated torsional moment of inertia from the string Iymoment of inertia around the y-axis Iy,stringcalculated moment of inertia of the string around the y-axis Iy,string, I-Ireal moment of inertia of the string around the y-axis in section I-I Iy,string,III-IIIreal moment of inertia of the string around the y-axis in section III-III Izmoment of inertia around the z-axis Iz,
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