1、November 2016 English price group 9No part of this translation may be reproduced without prior permission ofDIN Deutsches Institut fr Normung e. V., Berlin. Beuth Verlag GmbH, 10772 Berlin, Germany,has the exclusive right of sale for German Standards (DIN-Normen).ICS 19.100!%YN“2585443www.din.deDIN
2、EN 16714-1Nondestructive testing Thermographic testing Part 1: General principles;English version EN 167141:2016,English translation of DIN EN 16714-1:2016-11Zerstrungsfreie Prfung Thermografische Prfung Teil 1: Allgemeine Grundlagen;Englische Fassung EN 167141:2016,Englische bersetzung von DIN EN 1
3、6714-1:2016-11Essais non destructifs Analyses thermographiques Partie 1: Principes gnraux;Version anglaise EN 167141:2016,Traduction anglaise de DIN EN 16714-1:2016-11SupersedesDIN 541901:200408www.beuth.deDocument comprises 13 pagesDTranslation by DIN-Sprachendienst.In case of doubt, the German-lan
4、guage original shall be considered authoritative.10.16 DIN EN 16714-1:2016-11 2 A comma is used as the decimal marker. National foreword This document (EN 16714-1:2016) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 138 “Non-destructive testing” (Secretariat: AFNOR, France). The responsible German
5、body involved in its preparation was DIN-Normenausschuss Materialprfung (DIN Standards Committee Materials Testing), Working Committee NA 062-08-27 AA Visuelle und thermografische Prfung. Amendments This standard differs from DIN 54190-1:2004-08 as follows: a) since the terms and definitions are now
6、 included in DIN EN 16714-3, Non-destructive testing Thermographic testing Part 3: Terms and definitions, they have been deleted from Clause 3 and a reference to EN 16714-3 has been included instead; b) the preparation criteria in Subclause 5.4 have been rendered more precise; c) Subclause 5.5 “Refe
7、rence test specimens has been added; d) the information to be given in the test report (Clause 9) has been rendered more precise; e) the standard has been editorially revised. Previous editions DIN 54190-1: 2004-08 EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 16714-1 August 2016 ICS 19.100 E
8、nglish Version Non-destructive testing - Thermographic testing - Part 1: General principles Essais non destructifs - Analyses thermographiques - Partie 1: Principes gnraux Zerstrungsfreie Prfung - Thermografische Prfung - Teil 1: Allgemeine Grundlagen This European Standard was approved by CEN on 25
9、 June 2016. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be o
10、btained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the
11、 CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Irel
12、and, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG CEN-CENELEC Management Cen
13、tre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2016 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 16714-1:2016 E2 Contents Page European foreword . 3 1 Scope 4 2 Normative references 4 3 Terms and definitions . 4 4 Apparatus . 4 5 Prepar
14、ation for testing 4 5.1 Test instruction 4 5.2 Description of method . 4 5.3 Availability of test instruction and description of method 5 5.4 Preparation criteria . 5 5.5 Reference test specimens . 6 5.6 Apparatus check 6 5.7 Surface and emissivity . 6 6 Thermography procedures . 7 6.1 General 7 6.2
15、 Passive thermography . 7 6.3 Active thermography . 7 6.4 Qualitative thermography . 8 6.5 Comparative thermography 8 6.6 Quantitative thermography. 8 7 Personnel qualifications and duties . 9 8 Evaluation 9 9 Test report . 9 10 Records 10 Bibliography . 11 EN 16714-1:2016 (E) DIN EN 16714-1:2016-11
16、 3 European foreword This document (EN 16714-1:2016) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 138 “Non-destructive testing”, the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by end
17、orsement, at the latest by February 2017, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by February 2017. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any
18、or all such patent rights. Non-destructive testing Thermographic testing consists of the following parts: Part 1: General principles Part 2: Equipment Part 3: Terms and definitions According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organisations of the following countries are
19、bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Port
20、ugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. EN 16714-1:2016 (E) DIN EN 16714-1:2016-11 4 1 Scope This European Standard specifies the general principles for thermography of non-destructive testing. Thermographic testing is used for the detection and
21、localization of discontinuities (e.g. cracks, delamination and inclusions) in different materials (e.g. composites, metals and coatings). Usually a thermal stimulation is required. The choice of thermal stimulation depends on the application (e.g. type of material, geometry of test object, type of d
22、efects to be determined). Acceptance criteria are not defined in this standard. 2 Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undate
23、d references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 1330-1, Non destructive testing - Terminology - Part 1: List of general terms EN 1330-2, Non destructive testing - Terminology - Part 2: Terms common to the non-destructive testing methods EN 16714-2,
24、Non-destructive testing Thermographic testing Part 2: Equipment EN 16714-3, Non-destructive testing Thermographic testing Part 3: Terms and definitions EN ISO 9712, Non-destructive testing - Qualification and certification of NDT personnel (ISO 9712:2012) 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of
25、this document, the terms and definitions given in EN 1330-1, EN 1330-2 and EN 16714-3 apply. 4 Apparatus According to EN 16714-2. 5 Preparation for testing 5.1 Test instruction A test instruction shall be prepared that specifies the minimum test requirements relating to each of the items listed in 5
26、.4. 5.2 Description of method If required, for example by a product standard or contract, a description of the method shall be prepared. EN 16714-1:2016 (E) DIN EN 16714-1:2016-11 5 5.3 Availability of test instruction and description of method Copies of the test instruction and, if applicable, of t
27、he description of the method shall be made available to the responsible personnel. 5.4 Preparation criteria The following points shall be taken into account or stipulated in preparing for the test: a) position, accessibility and geometry of the objects under test; b) purpose of testing; c) scope of
28、test; d) area to be tested; e) kind of expected inhomogeneities (e.g. geometry, orientation, depth, surface breaking or not); f) test requirements, especially those relating to: spatial resolution; temporal resolution; thermal resolution; measurement precision; g) apparatus, including: selection of
29、appropriate energy source and its characteristic parameters; selection of IR camera and its characteristic parameters; spatial set up of energy source, IR camera and test object; verification of test equipment (regarding proper working); h) test procedure including: optimization of the spatial set u
30、p (e.g. field of view, focusing, avoiding reflection); criteria of notation (e.g. size, location, number of indications); measurement parameters; i) ambient conditions at the time of testing; j) operational state of the objects under test at the time of testing; k) surface properties, such as emissi
31、on, transmission and reflection, of the objects under test; l) personnel qualifications and duties (see Clause 7); m) scope of test report (see Clause 9). EN 16714-1:2016 (E) DIN EN 16714-1:2016-11 6 5.5 Reference test specimens For controlling the set-up of the whole measurement system as well as t
32、he selected measurement parameters, at least one of three different kinds of reference test specimens shall be used: Type 1: Reference test specimen for calibration check and/or testing the measurement system; Type 2: Reference test specimen with artificial defects for quantification of detection se
33、nsitivity for a distinct type of material; Type 3: Reference test specimen with natural defects for quantification of detection sensitivity for a distinct type of material (original test object). Reference test specimens of type 1 are used preliminary for testing single components as well as the who
34、le measurement set-up (e.g. black body, large metal plate). Prior to and/or during testing, the proper function and, if required, calibration of the infrared camera has to be checked. For controlling the temperature calibration, a calibrated black body should be used at two different temperatures be
35、ing relevant for the test. Deviations should not exceed the accuracy of the actual calibration. Further function controls have to be performed according to EN 16714-2. If the energy is introduced by homogeneous radiation, the spatial homogeneity of the radiation source should be tested using e.g. a
36、large blackened metal plate. Reference test specimens of type 2 include artificial defects like flat bottom holes, notches or step wedges with different geometry made of the same material as the object under test. Additionally, any anisotropic thermal material properties have to be considered, e.g.
37、as for CFRP. For enabling unique defect identification as well as for evaluating the detection limits of the measurement system for these defects, several type 2 reference test specimens may be necessary to cover all of the expected defects. Reference test specimens of type 3 are real test specimens
38、 with natural defects as they are generated during the production process or during the life of the part. Kind of material, geometry and surface condition are similar to those of the test objects. The defects should be characterized by any non-destructive method, e.g. computed tomography, ultrasonic
39、 testing. 5.6 Apparatus check Steps shall be taken to ensure that the apparatus to be used for the test is operating correctly, i.e. in accordance with the technical specifications using one of the reference test specimens (see 5.5). Individual performance of each component can be checked by referen
40、ce test specimen of type 1 and the global performance of the system using the test specimen of type 2 or 3. 5.7 Surface and emissivity The performance of temperature measurements on the object under test is influenced by the emissivity and irradiation coming from the surrounding environment, which h
41、as to be taken to account. In the case of objects with low emissivity, i.e. with high reflectance or transmittance, a coating having high emissivity may be applied, if necessary. Type, thickness and further parameters of the coating have to be adapted to the application. This should be determined us
42、ing a reference test specimen of type 2 or 3. EN 16714-1:2016 (E) DIN EN 16714-1:2016-11 7 6 Thermography procedures 6.1 General Thermographic testing can be performed actively or passively and evaluated qualitatively, comparatively or quantitatively (see Table 1). Table 1 Overview of thermographic
43、procedures Procedure Excitation Active Passive Qualitative Examination of thermal patterns (radiation distribution) Comparative Differential quantities (e.g. , T) Differential quantities (e.g. T) Quantitative Absolute quantities (e.g. , T) Absolute quantities (e.g. T) To be successful, thermographic
44、 testing requires: choice of a camera with appropriate sensitivity and setting of the suitable measurement range; choice of a suitable image section for visually comparing the display with the undisturbed state; avoidance of reflections by choosing a suitable viewing angle; monitoring or minimizing
45、interference due to external radiation sources, draughts and humidity; choice of a lens capable of maintaining the required spatial resolution; careful focusing of the image; choice of suitable display settings for the temperature scale, contrast, brightness, colour range, etc. 6.2 Passive thermogra
46、phy Passive thermography uses only the heat flow due to the intrinsic heat of the object under test. Such heat includes both internally generated heat (e.g. in furnaces). Time dependent heat flows are usually not required, i.e. the information is included in one thermogram. Passive thermography is u
47、sed for example in building (e.g. to locate moisture, thermal bridges, leaks), for inspecting electrical and mechanical systems, in process and installation diagnostics. 6.3 Active thermography In active thermography, a non-stationary heat flow is generated in the object under test by natural or add
48、itional energy sources only for the purpose of thermographic testing. Exposure to such energy sources can take place on a single occasion, periodically or continuously. Several energy sources (e.g. sun radiation, light, ultrasound, hot and cold air, induction) can be used. They can be selected accor
49、ding to the application and requirements. The performance of the excitation shall be validated on a reference test specimen type 2 or 3. Examples for the excitation sources are given in EN 16714-2. Active thermography is used to detect defects or discontinuities (e.g. voids, disbonding, delamination, cracks, thickness variation) for example in industrial production and maintenance (e.g. metallic or composite ma
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