1、DEUTSCHE NORM June 2000 I Ergonomic principles related to mental workload Part 2: Desian rrincirles - EN IS0 10075-2 (IS0 10075-2 : 1996) English version of DIN EN IS0 10075-2 ICs 13.180 Ergonomische Grundlagen bezglich psychischer Arbeitsbelastung - Teil 2: Gestaltungsgrundstze (IS0 10075-2 : 1996)
2、 European Standard EN IS0 10075-2 : 2000 has the status of a DIN Standard. National foreword This standard has been published in accordance with a decision taken by CEN/TC 122 to adopt, without alteration, International Standard IS0 10075-2 as a European Standard. The responsible German body involve
3、d in its preparation was the Normenausschuss Ergonomie (Ergonom- ics Standards Committee). EN comprises 13 pages. No pari of this standard may be reproduced without the prior permission of Ref. No. DIN EN IS0 10075-2 : 2000-0 Y Deutsches Institut fr Normung e. V., Berlin. Beuth Verlag GmbH, 10772 Be
4、rlin, Germany, s the exclusive right of sale for German Standards (DIN-Normen). English price group 08 Sales No. 1108 10.00 EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUFIOPEENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN IS0 10075-2 March 2000 ICs 13.180 English version Ergonomic principles related to mental workload Part 2: Design principl
5、es (IS0 10075-2 : 1996) Principes ergonomiques relatifs la charge de travail mental - Partie 2: Principes de conception Ergonomische Grundlagen bezglich psychischer Arbeitsbelastung - Teil 2: Gestaltungsgrundstze (IS0 10075-2 : 1996) (IS0 10075-2 : 1996) This European Standard was approved by CEN on
6、 2000-01 -24. CEN members are bound to comply with the CENKENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national stand- ards may b
7、e obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member. The European Standards exist in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central
8、 Secretariat has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the Uni
9、ted Kingdom. CEN European Committee for Standardization Comit Europen de Normalisation Europisches Komitee fr Normung Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart 36, B-1050 Brussels O 2000. CEN - All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national members. Ref. No. E
10、N IS0 10075-2 : 2000 E Page 2 EN IS0 10075-2 : 2000 Foreword International Standard IS0 10075-2 : 1996 which was prepared by ISO/TC 159 Ergonomics of the International Organization for Standardization, has been adopted by Technical Committee CEN/TC 122 Ergonomics, the Secretariat of which is held by
11、 DIN, as a European Standard. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, and conflicting national standards withdrawn, by September 2000 at the latest. In accordance with the CENKENELEC Internal Regulations,
12、the national standards organizations of the follow- ing countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and th
13、e United Kingdom. Ergonomic principles related to mental workload - Part 2: Design principles, Endorsement notice The text of the International Standard IS0 10075-2 : 1996 was approved by CEN as a European Standard without any modification. NOTE: Normative references to international publications ar
14、e listed in Annex ZA (normative). Contents Page 1 Scope . 3 2 Normative references . 3 3 Definitions 3 4 Design principles . 4 4.1 General principles 4 4.2 Guidelines concerning fatigue 5 1 O 4.4 Guidelines concerning reduced vigilance 11 4.5 Guidelines concerning satiation 12 4.3 Guidelines concern
15、ing monotony . 5 Information and training . 12 Annex A (informative): Examples of design solutions. 13 Page 3 EN IS0 10075-2 : 2000 Introduction This part of IS0 10075 represents an extension of IS0 6385, providing design principles for work systems with special reference to mental workload as defin
16、ed in IS0 10075. 1 Scope This part of IS0 10075 gives guidance on the design of work systems, including task and equipment design and design of the workplace, as well as working conditions, emphasizing mental workload and its effects, as specified in IS0 10075. It applies to the adequate design of w
17、ork and use of human capacities, with the intention to provide for optima! working conditions with respect to health and safety, well-being, performance, and effectiveness, preventing over- as well as underload in order to avoid the impairing effects described in IS0 10075. Mental workload is the ef
18、fect of a complex interaction of individual, technical, organizational and social factors. Thus personal, technical and organizational factors and the effects of their interactions have to be taken into account in the design of work systems. However, this part of IS0 10075 includes the design of tec
19、hnical and organizational factors only, and does not apply to problems of selection, training or social factors. This part of IS0 10075 provides guidelines for system design. It does not address problems of measurement of mental workload or its effects. This part of IS0 10075 refers to all kinds of
20、human work activities (see IS0 10075), not only to those which would be described as cognitive or mental tasks in a restricted sense, but also to those with primarily physical workload. This part of IS0 10075 is thus relevant to all those engaged in the design and use of work systems, e.g. system an
21、d equipment designers, employers and employees representatives. This part of IS0 10075 is applicable to the design of new work systems as well as to the redesign of existing ones undergoing substantial revision. 2 Normative references The following standards contain provisions which, through referen
22、ce in this text, constitute provisions of this part of IS0 10075. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All standards are subject to revision, and parties to agreements based on this part of IS0 10075 are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent
23、editions of the standards indicated below. Members of IEC and IS0 maintain registers of currently valid International Standards. IS0 6385 : 1981, IS0 10075 : 1991“. Ergonomic principles related to mental work-load - General terms and definitions Ergonomic principles in the design of work systems 3 D
24、efinitions For the purposes of this part of IS0 10075, the definitions given in IS0 6385 and IS0 10075 apply. *i If revised, this International Standard will become IS0 10075-1. Page 4 EN IS0 10075-2 : 2000 4 Design principies 4.1 General principles In order to avoid impairin effects of work system
25、design on users, it is necessa r to fit the work system to the user. Designing or redesigning work systems requires taking into account people, technology and organizational conditions and their interaction right from the beginning. This means that ergonomists should be integrated into the design pr
26、ocess as early as possible. If there are users, as in system redesign, their experiences and competences should be integrated into the design or re- design process in order to achieve and verify an optimal level of design quality. This can be done by using methods of participation, by which user exp
27、ectations with respect to design quality can be incorporated into the design process. This will provide for user-oriented results and better acceptance on the side of the user, which will contribute to the efficiency of the work system as a whole. If the design is made for an entirely new system, th
28、e designer should take due account of the abilities, skills, experiences and expectations of the prospective user population. It should be kept in mind that training should be regarded as supporting work system design, not as a replacement for system design omissions leading to sub-optimal design. T
29、his concern for the user is necessary from the beginning of the design process when system functions are specified. Defining system functions and subfunctions as well as function allocation between operators and machines and between different operators requires consideration of the characteristics o
30、f the people involved. In designing work systems it should be kept in mind that work consists of a combination of tasks, which are executed with particular technical equipment in a particular work environment and in a particular organizational structure. Therefore each of these components offers opp
31、ortunities to influence the design of the work system with regard to mental workload. Design principles can thus be related to different levels of the design process and the design solution in order to influence: a) the intensity of the workload: -at the task and/or job level, -at the level of techn
32、ical equipment, -at the environmental level, -at the organizational level, and b) the duration of the exposure to the workload: - at the level of the temporal organization of work. Table A.l in annex A shows a matrix of the levels of the design process and their relation to the consequences of menta
33、l strain, together with examples of applicable design solutions. Personal factors, like abilities, performance capacities, motivation - on an inter-individual as well as on an intra-individual differences basis - will influence the resulting workload. Thus selection and training, as mentioned above,
34、 have to be taken into account appropriately in the design of work systems. Work system design starts with a function analysis of the system, followed by function allocation among operators and machines, task analysis, and results in task design and allocation to the operator. It is essential that h
35、uman factors experts are integrated into this process from the beginning in order to be able to perform these steps with a view to the resulting operator requirements, in particular with respect to mental workload. Such a procedure will reveal the appropriate requirements to be taken into account at
36、 each level of system design. Page 5 EN IS0 10075-2 : 2000 In designing work systems, it should further be kept in mind that environmental requirements, system demands, challenges and people themselves change over time by developing skills, abilities and expectations. This means that systems design
37、should provide for such changes, enabling the system to adapt to these requirements. This can be done for example by dynamic task allocation, allowing the operator to allocate tasks to the technical system or to the operator, depending on the actual state of the operator. Mental workload is not a on
38、e-dimensional concept, but has different qualitative aspects leading to different qualitative effects (see IC0 10075). It is thus not sufficient to simplistically consider workload ranging on a unitary dimension (quantitatively) from underload to optimal load to overload. Some of the impairing effec
39、ts of mental workload share common causes, but this must not be misinterpreted as identity of these effects. The presentation of the following guidelines has thus been organized according to the impairing effects as described in IS0 10075. This should help the designer to take appropriate measures t
40、o avoid impairing effects of mental workload. Since some of the principles apply to more than one of these effects, repetition cannot be avoided. 4.2 Guidelines concerning fatigue 4.2.1 General Mental workload can be described in terms of intensity, duration, and the temporal distribution of the int
41、ensity in which the operator is exposed to the workload. Besides quantitative aspects, qualitative differences in mental workload have to be considered, e.g. perceptual-motor tasks vs task with high memory load. Thus one of the major approaches to designing work systems with respect to reducing fati
42、gue within the operator is to reduce or optimize the intensity of workload, limit the duration of the exposure, or change the distribution by introducing rest pauses. It is necessary to keep in mind that reducing mental workload is not always the best strategy to provide for unimpaired performance.
43、Reducing mental workload beyond an optimal level may lead to impairments as described in 4.3 to 4.5. 4.2.2 Intensity of mental workload The intensity of mental workload is affected by the following characteristics, with the order of presentation starting at the task level and moving from perception
44、to action to the environmental and organizational levels, as shown in figure 1. 4.2.2.1 Ambiguity of the task goal If the task goal is ambiguous, the operator is required to interpret the task and to make decisions about which goals with which priorities should be pursued. During system design, clea
45、r task goals shall be provided and the priorities of different goals should be specified, e.g. keeping the safety system functioning has priority over production efficiency. If more than one operator is concerned, task allocation among operators shall be made clear. 4.2.2.2 Complexity of task requir
46、ements A task of too high complexity could mean that the operator has to make too many decisions in a given unit of time. If task complexity is too high for the envisaged operator population, decision support systems should be used. Too low complexity should be avoided, because it may lead to monoto
47、ny or satiation. 4.2.2.3 Sewing strategies In systems where multiple requests have to be answered, a clear strategy for answering them shall be provided (e.g. first-in-first-out vs. a hierarchical strategy). First-in-first-out strategies are rather simple. Hierarchical serving strategies are more co
48、mplex. If conditional strategies are employed, the conditions for following those strategies should always be clearly understandable. Page 6 EN IS0 10075-2 : 2000 EnvironmentiOrganization Task and/or job Information , Work equipment Information processing I Consequences Operator Percept ion 1 I I 1
49、Cognit ion Memory Judgement Decision I i Action Figure 1 - Relation between mental workload and different levels of design 4.2.2.4 Adequacy of information Missing as well as unnecessary information contributes to mental workload because the operator has to make decisions on the basis of insufficient information or to filter the relevant information from the total information supplied. Thus, information which is necessary for task accomplishment shall be supplied. 4.2.2.5 Ambiguity of infonnation This requires the operator to interpret information. Information should thus be
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