1、September 2015 Translation by DIN-Sprachendienst.English price group 11No part of this translation may be reproduced without prior permission ofDIN Deutsches Institut fr Normung e. V., Berlin. Beuth Verlag GmbH, 10772 Berlin, Germany,has the exclusive right of sale for German Standards (DIN-Normen).
2、ICS 75.160.10!%F/“2351294www.din.deDDIN EN ISO 16948Solid biofuels Determination of total content of carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen(ISO 16948:2015);English version EN ISO 16948:2015,English translation of DIN EN ISO 16948:2015-09Biogene Festbrennstoffe Bestimmung des Gesamtgehaltes an Kohlenstoff, Wa
3、sserstoff undStickstoff (ISO 16948:2015);Englische Fassung EN ISO 16948:2015,Englische bersetzung von DIN EN ISO 16948:2015-09Biocombustibles solides Dtermination de la teneur totale en carbone, hydrogne et azote (ISO 16948:2015);Version anglaise EN ISO 16948:2015,Traduction anglaise de DIN EN ISO 1
4、6948:2015-09SupersedesDIN EN 15104:2011-04www.beuth.deDocument comprises 17 pagesIn case of doubt, the German-language original shall be considered authoritative.08.15 DIN EN ISO 16948:2015-09 2 A comma is used as the decimal marker. National foreword This document (EN ISO 16948:2015) has been prepa
5、red by Technical Committee ISO/TC 238 “Solid biofuels” in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 335 “Solid biofuels” (Secretariat: SIS, Sweden). The responsible German body involved in its preparation was the DIN-Normenausschuss Materialprfung (DIN Standards Committee Materials Testing), Wor
6、king Committee NA 062-05-82 AA Feste Biobrennstoffe. The DIN Standards corresponding to the International Standards referred to in this document are as follows: ISO 5725-2 DIN ISO 5725-2 ISO 14780 DIN EN 14780 ISO 16559 DIN EN ISO 16559 ISO 16993 DIN EN ISO 16993 ISO 17025 DIN EN ISO/IEC 17025 ISO 1
7、8134-3 E DIN EN ISO 18134-3 ISO/TS 21748 see NOTE NOTE There is no DIN Standard available which corresponds to ISO/TS 21748:2004, but ISO/TS 21748 has been incorporated in ISO 21748:2010, which has been adopted at national level as DIN ISO 21748. Amendments This standard differs from DIN EN 15104:20
8、11-04 as follows: a) the content of DIN EN 15104:2011-04 has been largely adopted and partially revised to be in line with International Standards; b) the standard has been editorially revised. Previous editions DIN CEN/TS 15104: 2005-10 DIN EN 15104: 2011-04 DIN EN ISO 16948:2015-09 3 National Anne
9、x NA (informative) Bibliography DIN EN ISO 14780, Solid biofuels Sample preparation DIN EN ISO 16559, Solid biofuels Terminology, definitions and description DIN EN ISO 16993, Solid biofuels Conversion of analytical results from one basis to another DIN EN ISO/IEC 17025, General requirements for the
10、 competence of testing and calibration laboratories E DIN EN ISO 18134-3, Solid biofuels Determination of moisture content Oven dry method Part 3: Moisture in general analysis sample*)DIN ISO 5725-2, Accuracy (trueness and precision) of measurement methods and results Part 2: Basic method for the de
11、termination of repeatability and reproducibility of a standard measurement method DIN ISO 21748, Guidance for the use of repeatability, reproducibility and trueness estimates in measurement uncertainty estimation *)The final version is due to be published in October 2015. DIN EN ISO 16948:2015-09 4
12、This page is intentionally blank EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN ISO 16948 May 2015 ICS 75.160.10 Supersedes EN 15104:2011English Version Solid biofuels - Determination of total content of carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen (ISO 16948:2015) Biocombustibles solides - Dtermination de l
13、a teneur totale en carbone, hydrogne et azote (ISO 16948:2015) Biogene Festbrennstoffe - Bestimmung des Gesamtgehaltes an Kohlenstoff, Wasserstoff und Stickstoff (ISO 16948:2015) This European Standard was approved by CEN on 31 January 2015. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Inter
14、nal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any
15、CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official ver
16、sions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
17、 Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2015 CEN All rights of exploita
18、tion in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN ISO 16948:2015 EForeword .3Introduction 41 Scope . 52 Normative references 53 Terms and definitions . 54 Principle 65 Reagents and calibration substances 65.1 General . 65.2 Carrier gas . 65.3 Oxygen 65.4 Addi
19、tional reagents . 65.5 Calibration substances . 65.6 Use of Certified Reference Materials (CRM or SRM) 76 Apparatus . 77 Preparation of the test sample . 88 Procedure. 88.1 Preparation of the test portion . 88.2 Calibration of the apparatus 88.3 Analysis of test samples 89 Expression of results 910
20、Performance characteristics 911 Test report . 9Annex A (informative) Performance data 11Bibliography . 13Contents PageDIN EN ISO 16948:2015-09 EN ISO 16948:2015 (E) 2 Foreword This document (EN ISO 16948:2015) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 238 “Solid biofuels“ in collaboration with
21、 Technical Committee CEN/TC 335 “Solid biofuels” the secretariat of which is held by SIS. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by November 2015, and conflicting national standards shall be
22、 withdrawn at the latest by November 2015. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document supersedes EN 15104:2011. Thi
23、s document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association. According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Bel
24、gium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switz
25、erland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. Endorsement notice The text of ISO 16948:2015 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 16948:2015 without any modification. DIN EN ISO 16948:2015-09 EN ISO 16948:2015 (E) 3 IntroductionInstrumental methods for the analysis of carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen are now in
26、widespread and in regular use, often in preference to formerly developed chemical methods for which International Standards exist.The reliable determination of carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen is important for quality control and the results can be used as input parameters for calculations applied to t
27、he combustion of solid biofuels. The environmental importance of the nitrogen content is linked to emissions of NOx(formation of fuel NOx). Hydrogen content is important for calculation of the net calorific value. Carbon content is required for the determination of CO2-emissions.It is recognized tha
28、t the Kjeldahl method is most reliable for determining nitrogen contents with a concentration lower than 0,1 %. Possible suitable methods are summarized in the bibliography.DIN EN ISO 16948:2015-09 EN ISO 16948:2015 (E) 4 1 ScopeThis International Standard describes a method for the determination of
29、 total carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen contents in solid biofuels.2 Normative referencesThe following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the
30、 latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.ISO 16559, Solid biofuels Terminology, definitions and descriptionsISO 147801), Solid Biofuels Sample preparationISO 16993, Solid biofuels Conversion of analytical results from one basis to another3 Terms and definitionsFo
31、r the purposes of this document the terms and definitions given in ISO 16559 and the following apply.3.1reference materialRMmaterial or substance one or more of whose property values are sufficiently homogeneous and well established to be used for the calibration of an apparatus, the assessment of a
32、 measurement method, or for assigning values to materials3.2certified reference materialCRMreference material, accompanied by a certificate, one or more of whose property values are certified by a procedure which establishes traceability to an accurate realisation of the unit in which the property v
33、alues are expressed, and for which each certified value is accompanied by an uncertainty at a stated level of confidence3.3NIST standard reference materialSRMCRM issued by NIST that also meets additional NIST-specific certification criteria and is issued with a certificate or certificate of analysis
34、 that reports the results of its characterisations and provides information regarding the appropriate use(s) of the materialNote 1 to entry: The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), known between 1901 and 1988 as the National Bureau of Standards (NBS), is a measurement standards la
35、boratory, also known as a National Metrological Institute (NMI), which is a non-regulatory agency of the United States Department of Commerce1) To be prepared.DIN EN ISO 16948:2015-09 EN ISO 16948:2015 (E) 5 4 PrincipleA known mass of sample is burnt in oxygen, or in an oxygen/carrier gas mixture, u
36、nder conditions such that it is converted into ash and gaseous products of combustion. These consist mainly of carbon dioxide, water vapour, elemental nitrogen and/or oxides of nitrogen, oxides and oxyacids of sulfur and hydrogen halides. The products of combustion are treated to ensure that any hyd
37、rogen associated with sulfur or halides products of combustion are liberated as water vapour. Oxides of nitrogen are reduced to nitrogen, and those products of combustion which would interfere with the subsequent gas-analysis procedures are removed. The carbon dioxide, water vapour and nitrogen mass
38、 fractions of the gas stream are then determined quantitatively by appropriate instrumental gas analysis procedures.5 Reagents and calibration substances5.1 GeneralWARNING Care should be exercised when handling reagents, many of which are toxic and corrosive.Unless otherwise stated, use only reagent
39、s and calibration standards of recognized analytical grade for the analysis.5.2 Carrier gasThe carrier gas used is helium or another suitable gas as specified by the instrument manufacturer.5.3 OxygenOxygen is used as specified by the instrument manufacturer.5.4 Additional reagentsAdditional reagent
40、s are of types and qualities as specified by the instrument manufacturer.5.5 Calibration substancesExamples of pure organic substances suitable for calibration are given in Table 1.Table 1 Examples of suitable calibration substances and their theoretical C, H and N contentsName Formula % C % H % NAc
41、etanilide C8H9NO 71,1 6,7 10,4Atropin C17H23NO370,6 8,0 4,8Benzoic acid C7H6O268,8 5,0 0,0Cystine C6H12N2O4S230,0 5,0 11,7Diphenyl amine C12H11N 85,2 6,6 8,3EDTA C10H16N2O841,1 5,5 9,6Phenylalanine C9H11NO265,4 6,7 8,5Sulfanil amide C6H8N2O2S 41,8 4,7 16,3Sulfanilic acid C6H7NO3S 41,6 4,1 8,1TRIS C4
42、H11NO339,7 9,2 11,6DIN EN ISO 16948:2015-09 EN ISO 16948:2015 (E) 6 The materials shall be dry and of high purity, i.e. more than 99,9 %. For calibration purposes, the contents of C, H and N according to the certificate of the materials shall be used, not the theoretical contents. Other pure materia
43、ls can be used provided that they meet the requirement of this standard.5.6 Use of Certified Reference Materials (CRM or SRM)Use certified reference materials, issued by an internationally recognized authority, to check if the accuracy of the calibration meets the required performance characteristic
44、s. Examples of certified reference materials are: NBS 1573 tomato leaves and NBS 1575 pine needles.When, due to matrix effects or concentration range limitations, no good recoveries for the certified reference materials can be obtained, calibration with at least two CRM or SRM materials, may solve t
45、hese problems. In that case CRM or SRM materials other than used for the calibration shall be used for verification purposes.NOTE A CRM or SRM is prepared and used for three main purposes:a) to help develop accurate methods of analysis;b) to calibrate measurement systems used to facilitate exchange
46、of goods, institute quality control, determine performance characteristics, or measure a property at the state-of-the-art limit;c) to ensure the long-term adequacy and integrity of measurement quality assurance programs.6 ApparatusNo specific design of systems is presented here because there are a r
47、ange of components and configurations available, which can be used to carry out the test method satisfactorily.The apparatus shall, however, meet the following functional requirements:a) The conditions of combustion of the sample shall be such that all of the carbon (including that in mineral carbonates), the hydrogen (including that in the water of constitution of the minerals), and the nitrogen present, shall be converted into ca
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